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former gives the name " Pelasgian," and argues that its European connections were the Pelasgi and the Etrusci.* On the other hand, Fr. Müller, Mor. Schmidt, G. Radet and P. Jensen have concluded that it is some remote, not clearly defined, member of the Aryan family. While J. Halévy, on the strength of the inscriptions from Sindjirli, has claimed the Hittites who once lived in that region as Semites.

Recent archæological researches in Paphlagonia present evidence that before the arrival of Greek colonies from the west this territory was peopled by the same stock; and at the height of their power they may have controlled a large portion of the eastern shores of the Egean sea. This was about 1200-1500 B.C.; and it has been argued from a variety of evidence that near the former date they were conquered and scattered or absorbed by their Semitic, Egyptian and Hellenic foes. Prof. Ramsay and others have identified them with the Amazons of the Homeric legends on reasonably good grounds

It is quite likely that mat Hatte was a very vague phrase to the Assyrian mind; and it is wiser not to employ "Hittite" as an ethnic term. It has been proposed (by whom first I know not) to designate collectively the tribes above named as related, by the term "Anatolians," from the ancient name of Asia Minor; and I adopt this appropriate suggestion. Perhaps some of the easternmost and southernmost of the so-called Hittites did not belong in the Anatolian group, but those in most of Cappadocia and Cilicia in all probability did.

At various times, after and probably before the dawn of history, the Anatolian group proper extended its conquests southward; and it is the opinion of Hoernes§ and others that they were the pre-Semitic inhabitants of the whole of Syria. It is even possible, as Mariette and Hilprecht || have suggested, that the Hyksos dynasty of Egypt in the second millennium B.C. was an advanced outpost of the group, though this at

*Pauli, Eine Inschrift von Lemnos, p. 79; Tomaschek, Die Urbevölkerung Kleinasiens, in the Mittheilungen of the Vienna Anthrop. Soc. for 1892.

Dr. Jensen's article was published in the Sunday School Times (Philadelphia), April 1. 1893.

See a series of articles on "Die Paphlagonischen Felsengräber," by Lt. von Kannenberg, in the Globus, Jan. and Feb., 1895, especially p. 124, note.

Dr. Moritz Hoernes, Die Urgeschichte des Menschen, p. 454 (Vienna, 1892).

Hilprecht, Assyriaca, p. 130 (Boston, 1891).

PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXXIX. 147. M. PRINTED MAY 20, 1895.

Brinton.]

[April 19,

present rests as a surmise only. That the Kashites and kindred tribes on the lower Tigris were distant members of the same group has been suggested by Hommel and Hilprecht, but with the material difference, that the former defends the connection with the Caucasic, the latter with the Aryan linguistic stock.

When we combine what we know of the physical type and the language of this ancient people there would seem to be evidence enough to assign it its ethnic position.

The type has generally been studied from the local monuments and the Egyptian records. The portraitures on the latter, especially of enemies, are often either conventional or caricatures. When we see the Hittites shown with "yellow or red complexions, receding foreheads, oblique eyes, protruding upper jaws and high cheek bones," * and all very much alike, we may be sure that both motives were present. The delineations on their own monuments are quite different and much higher, more Aryan, in character.†

It is a mistake to suppose that the so-called Hittite art was altogether borrowed from their Semitic neighbors. While the old Chaldean influence is visible in it, there is also a marked element of originality which should not be overlooked. The motives of the latter constantly recall Aryan inspiration and forms.

More trustworthy than sculpture are the bones from the oldest graves of the region. In examining these, Dr. von Luschan made an interesting discovery. He found that a peculiar type in early times extended over southern Asia Minor, from the Egean east to the Euphrates, and northeast into Armenia. The skulls were remarkably broad and high, and the bones showed a people of short stature. In other words, he discovered just the type of the globular-headed, short Celts of Central Europe. He went further. He found that in the more sparsely inhab* See McCurdy, History, Prophecy and the Monuments, Vol. i, p. 193.

A number of them are given from various sources by W. Max Müller, Asien und Europa, pp. 325-330. They are generally painted with reddish bair, which is worth noting, but may be conventional. The absence of beard indicates the custom of shaving. On the conventionality of the Egyptian artists see the same writer in the Papers of the Oriental Club of Philadelphia, p. 78 (Boston, 1894). The ruins of the ancient Pteria are supposed to offer the purest examples of native Hittite work.

"L'influence qui á presidé aux arts chez ce peuple est purement chaldeo-babylon" ienne, et non assyrienne; mais en meme temps elle conserve son originalité." De Morgan, Mission Scientifique au Cavcase, p. 198.

1895.]

[Brinton.

ited portions of the country there still live a shy, secluded people, the Taktadschy, who preserve just these traits, and he at once noticed their similarity to the Auvergnats and Savoyards. They are recognized as the descendants of the most ancient inhabitants, and certainly present their characteristics.* The inscriptions and local dialects of Cappadocia and Lycia preserve some expressions which appear to me to be of the Lesghian group of the Caucasic stock; as

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These indicate that at some time in the past there has been an impermeation of Caucasic elements into the Cappadocian population. The Taktadschy have adopted the modern Turk ish, at least for intercourse with the world.

+

The Anatolian inscriptions proper seem as likely to be in Aryan as in any other stock. The personal pronouns mi and ti are surely Aryan, and not "Alarodian," as Hommel argues ; ‡ they are the English-Aryan me and thee; the word for son, s-t-r, corresponds to the Armenian ustr; "siris," king, is Aryan, and so on §

The strongest evidence is in the ancient place-names. These show peculiarities in western and southern Asia Minor which have been repeatedly commented upon. A large number of them terminate in anda (-enda, -inda, -onda) or in -ess (-assa, -essos, etc.). They extend westward into Thrace and Macedonia, proving a European connection in prehistoric times. Pauli, Toma

* See Von Luschan's article, "Die Taktadschy," in the Archiv für Anthropologie, 1893. Tomaschek quotes some of these from the Glossary of the Cappadocian dialect lately published by Capolides, which work I have been unable to see. Tomaschek does not offer any analogies for them. Others belong to the "Lycian inscriptions," of which a Corpus is soon to be published by the Imperial Academy of Vienna.

In the Archiv für Anthropologie, Bd. xix, p. 251.

See the article of Dr. Jensen above referred to for other instances; and also his replies to the criticism of Prof. Sayce in the Academy, 1894. Of course, within the territory of the Anatolians we may expect to find both Semitic and Caucasic names and inscriptions, as it was the meeting-ground of the three stocks for thousands of years before history began, as it has been ever since.

schek and others claim that they cannot be analyzed as of Aryan extraction.*

Such an opinion seems to me without foundation. We find such place-names wherever the Celtic stock of central Europe left its traces. For the termination in -ess, I need but instance Vindonissa, Vogessus, Sigonessus, Bodiocassus, etc. Its signification is well known. It means "the seat" (sedes, sessio, positio) of the person or tribe, and in this sense was especially employed as a suffix in the Celtic dialects.†

The termination anda in the form -anta or -ante is a familiar Celtic suflix of tribal names, as Brigantes, Trinobantes, etc. From these were derived place-names, as Carantia, Brodentia, etc. The later terminations in -anza or -enza, as in Braganza, Piacenza, etc., were corruptions of this, as was also the German termination in words like "Pegnitz," etc.‡

Many other proper names of places and persons from southern Asia Minor have lately been analyzed by M. Georges Radet, and his researches appear to place beyond doubt these two theses-1. That the original Anatolians constituted an ethnic unit; 2. That they spoke a tongue of Aryan affiliation.§

Many of these names have a Celtic physiognomy. Thus the Hittite royal names, Thargathazas, Tarthisebu, etc., simulate the Gallie Thartontis, Turones, etc., in which the prefix tar (thar, tur or dor) means "above, across," and by metaphor, superior, leading, etc.

A more striking coincidence is offered by some religious terms.

It is generally conceded that the Ephesian Diana was originally a "Hittite " deity, and that her name Artemis is an Anatolian word. It is also known that the original form under which she was worshiped was that of a black conical stone, thought to have been a meteorite. Now in Celtic artan means "a stone," and it often forms a part of proper names, as Artgal,

* Pauli has been industrious in collecting such place-names. A long list will be found in his Inschrift von Lemnos, above quoted.

This is the explanation of Zeuss, Grammatica Celtica, pp. 61 and 747-749. I am surprised that it has been overlooked.

See Zeuss, Grammatica Celtica, pp. 759, 760. It has been suggested that this termination is the Old Indian inda, sindhu, river, whence Indus, etc., applied to tribes, towns, etc., on a river.

See the Revue Archéologique, Tome xxii (1893), p. 209, 877.

The Celtic tar essi (see above) is translated "super locum, in loco." Zeuss, u. 8., p. 613.

Artbran, Artobriga, etc. Still more: when St. Domitian undertook the conversion of the Celtic Segusiani, who lived in the Auvergne mountains in France, he found what appears to have been a sacred rock among them which was called Artemia ! *

I have already referred to the Amazons as a Hittite class of priestesses. Lieut. von Kannenberg derives their name from the Circassian maza, moon; but this Circassian word is not from a Caucasic, but an Aryan root, Sanscrit masa, "the measurer," and was applied to the moon as the measurer of time, as Von Erckert has abundantly shown.† The Amazons were indeed the priestesses of the moon, but their name is Aryan strictly and refers to their being devoted ad masam, to the moon, as the measurer of the nine months of pregnancy.

This identification explains how it happened that in the year 279 B.C. a horde of Gauls from central Europe crossed the Hellespont, and proceeding to central Asia Minor, settled in a portion of the ancient mat Hatte, from them ever since known as "Galatia." There they lived, retaining their own tongue with the usual Celtic tenacity so completely that St. Jerome, seven hundred years afterwards, says they were the only people of his day in the whole of Asia Minor who did not speak Greek.§

To sum up, then, the view I advocate is, that the Anatolians proper were of the Celtic stem of the Aryan race; that several thousand years B.C. they came from the west and occupied the valley of the Halys and more or less land to the east and south of it, driving out, or subjecting and retaining, an earlier popu lation of the Caucasic (Lesghian) stock; that about 1200 B.C. they were themselves overwhelmed by Semitic and Hellenic adversaries; that a portion of them rejoined the Celts of Europe; and that it was to make good some traditional, ancestral claim that the descendants of these in 279 B.C. again possessed themselves of the basin of the Halys.||

*"Usque ad petram que Artemia dicitur." Zeuss, Grammatica Celtica, p. 78.

† Die Sprachen des Kaukasischen Stammes, Bd. i, s. 103.

↑ "Galata" is from the Celtic root gal, violent, and is translated by Zeuss "viri pugnaces armati." Gram. Celt., p. 993, note. The authorities on this invasion are well collated in Schliemann's Ilios.

This also explains the difficulty commented on by Dr. John Beddoe (The Races of Britain, p. 22) that various local names in Galatia and its neighborhood anterior to the arrival of the Galatians appear to be from Celtic roots. Niebuhr's theory that the Galatians were Teutons has now, I think, no defenders.

The assertion of Schliemann (in Ilios, p. 120), that "No Aryans were settled east of the Halys before the eighth century B.C.," is possibly true if confined to Aryans of Hellenic descent, but certainly not as a general statement.

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