San Dieguito; land grant and valley, San Diego County, California (not San Diegito nor San Digitas).

San Emigdio; creek, land grant, and moun-
tain, Kern County, California (not San
Emedio, San Emidio, nor San Emidion).
Shawangunk; mountains, Ulster County, New
York (not Millbrook).

St Peters; creek and district, Somerset County,
Maryland (not St Peter nor St Peter's).
Tia Juana; post-office and river, San Diego
County, California (not Tijuana).
Tyler; pond in Goshen, Litchfield County,
Connecticut (not Marshapauge, Tyler's,
nor West Side).

Wachocastinook; brook, or creek in Salisbury,
Litchfield County, Connecticut (not Mount
Riga nor Washinee).

Wangum; lake in Canaan, Litchfield County, Connecticut (not Waugum, Wangem, nor Wungum).

Wells; island in St Lawrence River, Jefferson County, New York (not Wellesley). Wenatchee; lake, post-office, precinct, railroad station, river, and town, Chelan County, Washington (not Wenache nor Wenatche). This is a reversal of the decision Wenache, rendered in 1892. Weoka; creek, post-office, and precinct, Elmore County, Alabama (not Wewoka, Wewokee, Wiwoka, etc.).

Wolf; creek, Sandusky and Seneca Counties, Ohio (not Raccoon nor West Branch Wolf).

Wononpakook; pond in Salisbury, Litchfield County, Connecticut (not Long, Wanompakook, Wonon Pakok, nor Wononpokok). Wononskopomuc; lake in Salisbury, Litchfield County, Connecticut (not Furnace, Wononscopomoc, Wononskopomus, etc ).

American Diplomacy in the Orient. By John W. Foster, author of a Century of American Diplomacy. Pp. 498. 9 x 6 inches. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1903.

This book covers a field which no other volume had even attempted to more than touch. There existed a mass of literature upon the subject, but it was utterly disconnected and the investigator was forced to seek for it laboriously at many different sources. To understand any one phase of American diplomatic achievement in the East required difficult and perplexing research. In consequence few Americans have attempted to grasp more than its mere outline. The reading public is now put in possession of an authoritative and comprehensive work—a work, too, which presents every advantage of a compendium, but a compendium enlarged and enriched by a chaste literary style. We have here We have here an encyclopædic treatise wherein each part is conjoined with every other part, and wherein the whole composes a history majestic by the grandeur and worldwide influence of the deeds it recounts.

The opening chapter is preliminary, describing early European relations with the Far East. It emphasizes a fact, commonly unknown or forgotten, that Asiatic prohibition of foreign intercourse dates from hardly earlier than the beginning of the seventeenth century and was mainly due to "the violent and aggressive conduct" of the European discoverers and adventurers who visited those countries in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The chapter concludes with the failure of the British expedition under Lord Amherst, then governor general of India, to establish diplomatic relations with China. That was in 1815.

The following twelve chapters, beginning with "America's First Intercourse" and ending with "The Spanish War: Its Results," summarize the first treaties with China and set forth the stages in that empire's increasing decrepitude, describe the opening, the transformation, and the enfranchisement of Japan, trace the development of the Hawaiian Islands and their annexation to the United States, picture the emergence of the anomalous kingdom

of Korea, explain the imbroglio over the Samoan Islands, and touch upon the Spanish War only so far as it thrusts upon us a territorial and political heritage beyond the Pacific. The book concludes with a graphic presentation of the national factors now involved in the solution of the far eastern problem and with the expression of a confident assurance that the Union, which has met so well the emergencies of the past, will meet equally well the emergencies of the future.

In the compressed limits of 438 pages, to exhaust each specific topic discussed was an impossible task and such as no writer would attempt. The author says in his preface: "The treatment in a single volume of a subject embracing several countries and covering more than a century has required brevity of statement and the omission of many interesting facts." But a master's hand is shown in seizing upon and presenting essential facts and in throwing into distinctness not only those main facts but the minor facts therewith intimately connected. Hence there are left upon the reader's mind impressions photographic in their accuracy and clearness. Furthermore, the numerous footnotes are carefully chosen and of value to additional investigation. There is not one that is superfluous, not one that does. not cast added light upon the text.

An appendix of 36 pages contains the Protocol of September 7, 1901, between China and the Treaty Powers, the Emigration Treaty of 1894 between China and the United States, the Treaty of 1894 between the United States and Japan, the Joint Resolution for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, the Samoan Treaty of 1899 between the United States, Germany, and Great Britain, the Protocol of August 12, 1898, and the Treaty of 1898 between the United States and Spain. To the joy of the student's heart, there is an admirable index of 22 pages.

Certain personal characteristics of the

author invest his book with a peculiar charm. By international consent he is to be ranked among the ablest and most successful diplomats America has produced. In the special field of diplomacy concerning which he writes he has borne a distinguished and a prominent part. Yet in this volume he makes no reference to himself. It is doubtful if the pronoun I can be found from beginning to end. His name is sought in the index in vain. When forced by the exigencies of his narrative to refer to anything he has himself done he hides his personality under the indefinite designation of a citizen of the United States." Such reticence concerning one's own exploits is rare among the men who have represented the United States in the East. But General Foster is as unassuming as he is great.

Another personal characteristic is revealed in his fairness and simplicity of statement. The spirit of apology or advocacy or partizanship is silent here. Calmly, dispassionately the facts are marshalled and the story told. A striking example among many which might be cited is afforded in Chapter VIII, upon "Chinese Immigration and Exclusion." This chapter deals with a burning question, over which Chinese immigrant and American laborer have been wrought to frenzy. On no political subject has there been more intemperance of feeling and expression. Yet all that could be said on either side is here put so comprehensively, so compactly, so forcibly, that either party might be content with this exposition of its case. Such capability of intimate appreciation and balanced statement is not wholly the result of wide experience and profound acquaintance with the motives which move men. It is a consequence far more of personal temperament and habit of mind.

When American enterprise first knocked at the doors of China, Japan, and Korea, those countries-with the exception of a few trading ports, diffi

cuit of access and hemmed in by almost prohibitive restrictions-were locked in seemingly impenetrable seclusion. This book is the tale of how American diplomacy, more than that of any other people, more perhaps than that of all other peoples, broke through the obstacles and brought those oriental States into international relations. Blunders were more than once committed. More than More than one American consul or envoy was incapable or unfortunate. But the great majority of our representatives performed their parts well. They brought to their posts the diplomacy of practical men, diplomaed in the school of experience and sure to win over the obstructive astuteness of the East.

But it should always be remembered that along the path to final results the sailor, the merchant, the missionary, led the way. Moreover, from their ranks were recruited many who afterward in official station merited distinction. Such men were Major Shaw, Edmund Roberts, Townsend Harris, Peter Parker, H. N. Allen, S. Wells Williams, and others deserving mention. Major Shaw was supercargo on The Empress of China, the first vessel to bear the starry flag across the Pacific. He became our first consul at Canton, "a man worthy the honor." Edmund Roberts, of New Hampshire, was a large ship-owner and merchant. Later accredited envoy to Siam, Muscat, and Annam, he became "the pioneer in the oriental diplomacy of the United States." Townsend Harris, a supercargo and merchant from New York, was the first consul general in Japan, "negotiator of the first commercial treaty with Japan," no less a benefactor of that Empire than had been Commodore Perry. The medical missionary, Peter Parker, was twice chargé d'affaires, then commissioner, then efficient minister to China. The medical missionary, H. N. Allen, has more than justified his appointment under two Presidents as minister to Korea. The

name of S. Wells Williams, missionary of the American Board, author of "The Middle Kingdom," for twenty years secretary of legation and often chargé d'affaires at Pekin, is almost a household word.

It would be a congenial task to linger in the further discussion of "American Diplomacy in the Orient," even as it is delightful to linger over its perusal. However lengthy the review, much will be left unsaid.

The tale this book tells is weighty, yet, made up of peril, tact, persistence, daring, it has the fascination of romance. It is the record of a diplomacy wherein honest dealing, truth, and selfrespect were dominant factors. It is the record of a diplomacy which the diplomacy of any other country may be in vain challenged to surpass in ability, in influence, and in success. The unvarnished recital of its deeds casts honor upon the American name and inspires in the American reader a sentiment of gratitude and pride.

EDWIN A. GROSVENOR,

Amherst College, Massachusetts.

The Brazilian Government has provided for the mapping of its territory on a scientific basis. Last year the Congress appropriated the necessary funds for commencing the work, and a commission, of which Colonel Francisco de Abreu Lima is president, was to leave Rio early in May for the State of Rio Grande do Sul to make a reconnaissance of the first zone to be triangulated. The scheme, as far as at present outlined, includes the measurement of basis at Porto Alegre and Uruguayana, and the connection of these two cities by triangulation. This will give an arc of about six and one-quarter degrees of longitude in about latitude thirty degrees south. The Superintendent of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey has been requested by the commission to supervise the preparation of the necessary tapes and accessories for the measurement of bases.