are also some scattered low rocks close under the cape all along its seaward face. The middle cape is clear of rocks, except a high pinnacle, so close under its southeast face as to seem a part of the rocky cliff, except from certain directions. The west cape, or Lazaref proper, has a reef projecting one and one-tenth miles southeastward from its extreme point, consisting of two high rocks, one about 150 feet above the sea and one about 70 feet midway between them, all showing as pinnacles from the southeastward, but broad from all other directions, and a multitude of low rocks quite close together. This reef forms a fairly good protection in westerly winds for an anchorage to the eastward between the outer high rock and a small bunch of rocks lying one and threetenths miles from the eastern face of the cape.

The sandy shore is continued to the westward of Cape Lazaref, with somewhat higher dunes upon it immediately back from the beach. Six-tenths of a mile from this beach and 11⁄2 miles westward from the cape lies a small rocky island about 130 feet above the sea and having a smooth, grassy top. At 31⁄2 miles westward from Cape Lazaref the low shore, forming the sea frontage of the broad valley or flat back of the rocky masses which constitute the cape, ceases, and a high spur from Isanotski Mountain reaches almost to the sea, there being but a narrow fringe of sand beach in front of this 21⁄2-miles-wide sea face of the mountainous projection. This sand beach is of comparatively recent formation. The cliffs of the face of this spur show evidences of wave action, and are in shape and color similar to the cliffs of Cape Lazaref. From aloft on the ship it could be seen that this is true also for many miles of the east side of this spur bordering on the low land.

At a point eight miles westward from Cape Lazaref the sandy beach is broken

by the toe of a lava flow, probably from Shishaldin volcano, about one mile wide on its sea face, about 20 to 30 feet in height, and consisting of black, very jagged, and forbidding-looking rocks. Immediately back from the sea face the lava is covered with sand and thin vegetation. The sand beach is again broken through at 634 miles from this lava flow by a low ridge, about 21⁄2 miles long and in a southwest and northeast direction, and rising into three conical hills, of which the northeasternmost is the highest, the middle the lowest, and the southwesternmost the only one whose base is washed by the sea and formed into several columnar rocks, of which only the outermost is entirely surrounded by water at low tide.

RUKAVITSIE CAPE

From Rukavitsie Cape there is an unbroken sweep of low sand beach, backed by low sandy bluffs and dunes for 13 miles, first southwestward, then curving gradually until its final direction, for two miles before it ends, is south. This forms the northwestern shore of Unimak Bay. Back from this beach from 11⁄2 to 3 miles, in the most receding part of this bight, are hills rising from several hundred to 1,400 feet, and farther back seemingly still higher ones, all comparatively solitary, from a plain 100 to 200 feet above the sea and sloping gradually upward to the ridge projecting westward from Shishaldin Mountain. To the westward of these hills, between them and the mountain mass forming the southwestern end of Unimak Island, is a broad valley, drained by a river which empties into Unimak Bay at a point of the sand beach distant 11⁄2 miles from its southwestern end. Looking into this valley, at an estimated distance of three or four miles from the beach is seen a lava flow, apparently from the southwest toward the northeast, reaching more than half

View of Pogromni, Faris, and Westdahl Peaks from Unimak Pass

way across the valley, with the water making a great bend around the foot of it. Examined through a telescope, it seems to consist of a jungle of sharpcornered rocks, like gigantic pieces of broken glass, of a dull gray color, sloping very gradually toward the north

east.

The sand beach ends against the tableland about 350 feet high, projecting in an east-southwest direction from the mountain mass behind it, and forming at its extremity a small semicircular cove not quite half a mile across and open toward the north. We noticed two small houses in the cove, apparently close under the bluff, and also a small sloop, hauled out of the water beyond the reach of the surf, near them. There

are some rocks close under the extremity of the point. Applegate has anchorages marked on either side of this point, I believe, and I have been informed that vessels have anchored in both places. The cove to the northward of the point is much more protected, and I have learned from a shipmaster well known to me that he has anchored there and had protection from southerly winds, but not from the swell which rolls around the point. The bottom is sandy and shoaling toward the beach very gradually. At the southern end of the broader bight, to the southward of the point, there is a high table-land, 540 feet above the sea, and with an ocean face of one mile in length in an approximate northwest and southeast direction.

T

HE West, the old West of boundless natural resources and pathless solitude, to yield homes for millions yet unborn, is not exhausted. Governments and peoples do not realize it, but it lies there to reward the pioneer with greater and quicker returns than have been given by any part of western Europe or of temperate North America. The new and unsubdued West today is Alaska, almost to a mile one-half larger than the thirteen original American colonies, very nearly twice the size of California, Oregon, and Washington, as large as Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and the German Empire, and with a better climate and greater natural resources than an equal area of northern Europe supporting 10,000,000 inhabitants.

The Yukon, the fourth largest river

in the world, navigable for more than 2,000 miles above its mouth and running in a great semicircle from southeastern to northwestern Alaska, forms a natural highway. All this was known long ago, but it was not known that the interior contained thousands of square miles of farming lands and almost limitless areas of the richest mineral lands in the world. It is in this unsubdued country that thousands of miles of railroad must be built, that great areas will open for settlement, absorbing and keeping busy 2,000,000 workers as fast as they choose to go.

Had it not been for the natural summer highway of the Yukon, there never could have been such a camp as Dawson. The head passes of the Yukon and the river itself were at that time the only possible direct road to the Klondike.