Locality, Running about on the leaves of undergrowth, in the forest on Cape Mesurado, Liberia.

Under sufficient magnification the bristles of the head and segments appear as round hollow structures with about four longitudinal rows of very fine appressed teeth directed distad. The bristles of the terminal fascicle are more slender and have for a part of their length large appressed spines in opposite pairs something as shown by Latzel for Polyxenus lagurus. Nothing was seen similar to the apices of the hairs as figured by the same author.

This new genus is to be distinguished from Polyxenus and Lophoproctus' by the form of the antennæ and the distribution of the dorsal setæ. In Polyxenus the antennæ are short; in Lophoproctus they are long, but the apical joint is subequal to the penultimate.

Polyxenus has two transverse dorsal rows of rather remote short clavate and strongly serrate setæ, while Lophoproctus has a single row. The type of the latter genus is eyeless, although Mr. Pocock proposes to iuclnde a species with eyes, Polyxenus lucidus Chalande.

From the West Indes Mr. Pocock has described another Polyxenus which, to judge from the drawing, has four tufts of setæ on each segment, and also a scattering row along the posterior margin. The antennæ are said to be very long, but appear not to be clavate, and the relative proportions of the joints are not stated. It is probably the type of a new genus having affinities with the African rather than with the European forms.

By the discovery of Saroxenus the distribution of the Pselaphognatha is considerably extended. Should members of the group be found in other tropical regions there will be added assurance of the antiquity of the subclass, and of the probability of relationship with such fossils as Palæocampa.-O. F. COOK.

Monrovia, 1 Feb., 1896.

North American Crambidæ.-Dr. C. H. Fernald publishes as a bulletin from the Massachusetts Agricultural College an important. Monograph of the Crambide of North America. The author has long been recognized as the leading authority on the micro-lepidoptera. The new genera Eugrotea and Pseudoschoenobius are characterized as well as several new species. The bulletin is admirably illustrated by three plates in black and white and six plates in colors, beautifully printed. This will certainly prove one of the most satisfactory entomological publications ever issued from the Agricultural Colleges. Pocock, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, XXXIV, 506.

viyxenus longisetis, Journ. Linn. Soc., XXIV, 474.

New Mallophaga.-Much the most important paper as yet published in America concerning the Mallophaga is the recent contribution from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, in which Prof. V. L. Kellogg treats of New Mallophaga, with special reference to a collection made from Maritime birds of the Bay of Monterey, California. In the 140 pages of print the author presents descriptions and figures of one new genus and thirty-eight new species of Mallophaga, together with twenty-two species previously described by European authors, but now, with few exceptions, first determined as parasites of American birds. In addition, the paper contains an excellent general account of the Mallophaga and fourteen admirable plates. It can be obtained for 50 cents by addressing The Registrar, Stanford University, California.

Entomological Notes.-Professor D. S. Kellicott publishes the second part of his excellent Catalogue of the Odonata of Ohio. It deals especially with the species of the southern part of the State.

In Bulletin 32 of the Iowa Experiment Station, Messers. Osborn and Mally treat of the chinch bug, four-spotted pea-weevil, the imbricated snout-beetle and other injurious species.

Bulletin 62 of the Virginia Station contains a discussion of the San Jose Scale, by Wm. B. Alwood.

In Bulletin No. 2 of the Technical Series from the U. S. Division of Entomology, Mr. L. O. Howard publishes a careful account of The Grass and Grain Joint-worm Flies and their Allies, being a consideration of some North American Phytophagic Eurytyminæ.

In the issue of the Entomologist's Record for May 1st Mr. J. W. Tutt begins an interesting series of articles upon Mimicry.

In Bulletin 69 of the Ohio Station, the Chinch Bug is discussed at length F. M. Webster.

Prof. S. W. Williston publishes a useful Bibliography of North American Dipterology, 1878-1895, in the January Kansas University Quarterly. In the same issue W. G. Snow gives a List of Asilide supplementary to Osten Sackens Catalogue of North American Diptera, 1878-1895.

4 Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVIII, 105–114.

EMBRYOLOGY.

Protoplasmic Continuity.-Prof. Hammar, of Upsala, emphasizes by figures and description the connection of the cells of the egg of a cleaving sea urchin known to Selenka and others, but hitherto regarded as of no importance. He finds a thin outer layer on the cells of the early and later cleavage cells and even on the cells of the blastula. This layer is seen both in living and in preserved and sectioned material. Its appearance is not that of a membrane but, the author thinks, rather that of an "ectoplasmic" outer part of the protoplasm of the cell. This outer layer is very thin and might be easily overlooked.

It extends continuously over the entire egg and as it seems to be a part of each cell, all the cells are thus held together by a continuous outer pellicle that the author thinks is a protoplasmic layer.

This actual connection of the cells at their outer surfaces, if really a protoplasmic connection, should, as the author insists, be of great importance in the interpretation of the results of experimentation upon echinoderm eggs. He suggests that it offers a suggestion towards the explanation of the interaction believed to exist between the cells of a cleaving egg. Moreover such a connection would make clear why very different results have been obtained after shaking eggs and separating the cells more or less.

Cell Studies in Annelid Eggs.-Prof. E. Korschelt, of Marburg, has made a most detailed and thorough study of the maturation and fertilization of the eggs of the small polychatous annelid, Ophryotrocha puerilis with special reference to the number of chromosomes concerned in cell divisions at different phases of the life history.

Many of the interesting facts described cannot be here referred to, but only some of those that bear upon the question of the value of chromosomes as permanent individuals.

The number of chromosomes found in dividing cells in the adult is four, in certain ectodermal, entodermal and mesodermal structures. This same number is found in the cells of the ovary and of the testis, 'the ancestors of the eggs and sperms. The same number is found in

1 Edited by E. A. Andrews, Baltimore, Md., to whom abstracts reviews and preliminary notes may be sent.

2 Archiv f. mik. Anat., Marz 2, 1896.

3 Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. 60, Dec. 31, 1895, pps. 543--680, pls. 28--34.

the early stages of cleavage and, as a rule, in the later stages and in the blastula, but in the later stages of cleavage and in the blastula there are often cells that contain eight.

In the maturation of the egg four chromosomes come out of the net work of the resting nucleus and eventually four go into the first polar body and two into the second. This is brought about as follows: The four very long chromosome loops shorten and divide lengthwise into four cleft rods. When these come to the equatorial region of the first maturation spindle they have again closed together so as to form four simple rods. These separate in pairs and move towards the poles of the spindle without presenting any true mitotic division. The first maturation division is, therefore, a reducing division. Yet the first polar body receives four chromosomes, since the pair that approaches that pole divides, as if opening out where previously split, and thus four rods are formed. The same takes place at the inner pole and four are left for the second maturation spindle. In the second polar body two chromosomes enter by moving away from the other two left in the egg. As it cannot be determined whether the pair entering the second polar body are two halves of one of original ones or halves of two original ones it is not certain whether the second maturation division is a reducing or an equating division.

Though the chromosomes are usually short rods or elongated granules during the maturation division, there are many eggs in which they appear as long, bent or horse-shoe shaped rods.

Some exceptions to the above account must be emphasized as showing the inconstancy of number of chromosomes resulting from lack of synchrony between chromosomal divisions and other phenomena of the cell.

Thus in some cases the first polar body has but two chromosomes, since the preceding division of chromosomes is left out. In others eight chromosomes are found at the equator of the first polar spindle, formed by a precocious division of the four chromosomes !

Fertilization takes place normally just after the eggs are laid and the sperm enters, while the first maturation spindle is still patent. In abnormal cases fertilization may take place inside the parent which is hermaphrodite and may ripen sperms and eggs simultaneously. Such cases, however, lead to abnormal cleavages and even to fusion of separate eggs, and seem due to some pathological state of the egg.

When the sperm enters the egg radiations are formed behind it, and later in front of it, so that the middle piece of the sperm may be re

garded as introducing the centrosome or the archoplasm, and it is probable that the sperm revolves through 180°.

The male and the female pronuclei both move toward the centre of the egg and combine, but not till they have both gone through complex and similar changes, including the appearance and dissolution of an enormous nucleolus. The two nuclei finally fuse when each contains two long, thread-like chromosomes.

The centrosome or archoplasm of the maturation spindle disappears and that of the sperm divides and furnishes the first cleavage spindle. At the equator of this spindle are found the four chromosomes, two of male and two of female origin. Each splits lengthwise and the eight separate, so that each daughter nucleus obtains two chromosomes of male and two of female origin.

For many important facts not mentioned here the reader is referred to the two hundred remarkably clear figures and the judicial statements found in the original.

PSYCHOLOGY.

A Study in Morbid Psychology, with some reflections.— (Continued from page 518). With regard to the religious (?) experiences of Ansel Bourne, I am not so shallow as to think we can determine in the case of hallucinatory voices whether or no the phenomena are entirely subjective. An attitude of what the late G. J. Romanes has called "pure agnosticism" seems the only philosophical one in these difficult cases.1 There has arisen a dogmatism in science as narrow and as mischievous as that of the straitest sect amongst theologians.

1 "No one is entitled to deny the possibility of what may be termed an organ of spiritual discernment. In fact to do so would be to vacate the position of pure agnositicism in toto, and this even if there were no objective or strictly scientific evidence in favour of such an organ, such as we have in the lives of the saints, and in a lower degree, in the universality of the religions sentiment." A Candid Examination of Religion, p. 149, G. J. Romanes.

"Scientific men, as a class, are quite as dogmatic as the strictest sect of theologians. They professed to be agnostics, at the very time they were egregiously violating that philosophy by their conduct.". Ibid., pp. 107–9.