BEFORE S. COLUMBA, A.D. 400-565.

[i. A.D. 400-565. Church of the Southern Picts.

A.D. 400 (?). Conversion of the Southern Picts by S. Ninian".
After A.D. 430. Mission of S. Palladius b.

A.D. 450–500. S. Serf said to have preached at Culross on the Forth, and
S. Ternan at Banchory-Ternan on the Dee".

ii. A.D. 503-565. Church of the Dalriad Scotsd.

A.D. 503. Feargus Mor Mac Earca, and Loarn his elder brother, colonize Dalriada from Ireland with Irish Scots already Christian (Ann. Tigh. in an. 502; Chron. in Skene, pp. 130, 171, 197, 287, and Pref. cx.; Reeves ad Adamn. p. 433).

A.D. 559 or 566. Comgal, Abbat of the Irish Bangor, attempts unsuccessfully to plant a monastery on Tyree®.

A.D. 563. S. Columba comes to Hy'.

A.D. 565. S. Columba's mission to the Northern Picts.]

No documents exist for this period.

a The "Australes Picti" were those who dwelt" infra montes" (Bæd. H. E., III. 4), i. e. south of the Mounth, and east of the "Dorsum Britannia" or Drum-Alban, = Kincardine, Forfar, Perthshire, &c., southwards to the Forth; the wall from Forth to Clyde being the continuation of their southern boundary, except so far as the petty states of Manann (Clackmannan and Linlithgow) and Calathros or Calatria (= the Carse of Falkirk) may have pierced that line (Skene, Chron. Pref. lxxx., lxxxi., who, however, antedates Galloway Picts to S. Ninian's time). S. Ninian's Pictish converts undoubtedly lived north of the Forth, since Bede identifies them with the "Australes Picti," and all the Picts according to him were "transmarinæ gentes," i. e. lived north of Forth and Clyde (H. E., I. 12). b See above, vol. I. p. 18.

e Legend of S. Servanus in Skene, Chron. pp. 412, sq.; Brev. Aberdon. Prop. SS. Pars Estiva, fol. xv.; Bishop Forbes, Kalendars of Scottish Saints; and Lib. Eccl. B. Terrenani de Arbuthnott, pp. lxxii. sq.

d i. e. of Argyllshire, with the western part of Dumbartonshire, to the Firth of Clyde, and northwards, the isle of Mull, &c., and from Lorn to the promontory of Ardnamurchan: the capital being Dunadd near Crinan (Skene, Pref. to Chron. P. cxiii.).

e See above, in vol. I. p. 116.

"Navigatio Columcilli ad insulam Je etatis sue xlii." (Ann. Tig. in an. 563). So also Adamnan, in V. S. Col., I. 1, III. 4. Bede's date of A.D. 565 (H. E., III. 4) seems correctly explained (by Lanigan and others) of S. Columba's mission to the Picts.

PERIOD THE SECOND.

DURING THE SUPREMACY OF THE PRESBYTER-ABBATS OF HY,
A.D. 565-849.

[A.D. 565. Northern Picts converted by S. Columba.

A.D. 575. Irish and Scottish Dalriada declared politically separate at the (Irish) council
of Drumceat.

A.D. 603. Aidan of (Scottish) Dalriada defeated by the Angles at Degsastan (Bad.
H. E., I. 34, V. 24).

A.D. 617-633. Oswald of Northumbria and his brothers take refuge among the Picts
and Scots and at Hy (Bæd. ib., III. 1, 3).

A.D. 635-664. Scottish Bishops of Lindisfarne, and Scottish missions from Northumbria to the Middle-Anglians, Mercians, and East-Saxons.

A.D. 681. Trumwini's Pictish episcopate at Abercorn.

Before A.D. 685. Aldfrid at Hy (Bæd. in V. S. Cuthb., XXIV.; V. S. Cutbb., auct.
anon. lib. III.).

A.D. 685. Defeat of Egfrid at Nectansmere, and end of Trumwini's Pictish episcopate.
A.D. 704. Failure of Adamnan to convert the Scottish and Irish Columbite monks to the
Roman Easter and tonsure.

A.D. 710, The Picts,—and A.D. 716, the monks of Hy,-adopt the Roman Easter;
and the former, the tonsure also: which, A.D. 718, the latter likewise
accept. But-

A.D. 717, The Columbite clergy are banished from the Pictish kingdom, of which
Abernethy probably obtains the primacy.

A.D. 736. Dalriada temporarily subject to Angus King of the Picts.

A.D. 778. Niall Frassach, and A.D. 791, Artgal, Kings respectively of Ireland and
Connaught, die as monks at Hy.

A.D. 792. Last mention of a King of (Scottish) Dalriada, Doncoircai, in the (Irish)
Annals.

A.D. 794, 806, 825. Northmen ravage Hy.

A.D. 829, 831, 849. Migrations of S. Columba's relics.

A.D. 842. Earliest (certain) record of "Keledei" in Scotland.

A.D. 843. Scottish (Dalriad) and Pictish kingdoms united under Kenneth Mac Alpin.
A.D. 849. Primacy transferred to Dunkeld.]

A.D. 565. Conversion of the Northern Picts by the preaching of

S. Columba.

BÆD., H. E., III. 4.-Anno Incarnationis Dominicæ quingentesimo sexagesimo quinto, quo tempore gubernaculum Romani imperii post Justinianum Justinus minor accepit, venit de Hibernia presbyter et abbas habitu et vita monachi insignis, nomine Columba, Brittaniam, prædicaturus verbum Dei provinciis septentrionalium Pictorum, hoc est, eis quæ arduis atque horrentibus montium jugis ab australibus eorum sunt regionibus sequestratæ. Namque ipsi australes Picti, qui intra eosdem montes habent sedes, multo ante tempore, ut per

[CHRISTIAN SETTLEMENTS IN WESTERN SCOTLAND.]

hibent, relicto errore idolatriæ, fidem veritatis acceperant, prædicante eis verbum Nynia Episcopo &c. . . . Venit autem Brittaniam Columba, regnante Pictis Bridio filio Meilochon, rege potentissimo, nono anno regni ejus, gentemque illam verbo et exemplo ad fidem Christi convertit: unde et præfatam insulam [Hy] ab eis a in possessionem monasterii faciendi accepit b. [M. H. B. 175, 176; and in W., IV. 713, 714.]

a The Ann. Tigb., a. 574, record the death of Conaill Mac Comgaill King of Dalriada, who in the 13th year of his reign "oferavit insolam Ia Columcille." So also nearly all the Irish Annals. It may well have been the case, as Hussey (ad loc. Bæd.) and others suggest, that both kings laid claim to the island; but in any case the Christian king, i.e. Conaill, must

have been the original donor in A.D. 563. See however, Reeves ad Adamn. p. 435, and also Skene, Pref. to Chron. p. cxi.

b See also Adamnan in V. S. Columb., I. I, III.4. For S. Columba's Irish acts and foundations, see under the Irish Church; and for the details of his Pictish mission, Adamnan, I. 38, II. 33-38, &c.

[A series of Christian settlements, mostly in Western Scotland, sprang from or followed S. Columba's mission to Hy. See also below in App. D, note b. A.D. 563 × 597. 1. S. Mochonna or Machar, a Bishop, one of S. Columba's Irish companions, to Aberdeen (Brev. Aberdon., Prop. SS. P. Estiv. f. cliv.-clvii.).

A.D. 592.

2. S. Cormac the Navigator, either one of S. Columba's
disciples or the head of an independent monastery, to
the Orkneys (Adamn. in V. S. Columb., I. 6, II. 42,
III. 17, and Reeves's Append. F.).

3. S. Ernan, in the isle of Himba or Hinba.
4. S. Lugneus Mocumin, in the isle of Elena.
5. SS. Baithen and Findchan, at Campus
Lunge and Artchain in Ethica (Tiree).
6. SS. Cailtan and Diuni, near Loch Awe[?].
7. S. Drostan, at Aberdour and Deer, in
Buchan (Bk. of Deer, pp. 91, 92).

8. S. Moluag, at Lismore in Argyll (Ann.
Tigh., Ult., a. 592, 608 or 611, 632 or
635, 700).

About A.D. 600. 9. S. Congan (possibly eighth century), at

Before A.D.617. 10.
Before A.D.660. 11.

A.D. 671.

Lochalsh in N. Argyll (Brev. Aberd.,
Prop. SS. P. Est. fol. cxxvi.).

All disciples of S. Columba : v. Adamn., I. 31, 36, 45, II.

15, 17, 111. 8, 17.

Distinct from S. Columba : see vol. I. p. 121, first note c.

S. Donnan, in Egg (martyred A.D. 617). At Kingarth in Bute, with (at first) episcopal abbats (Ann. Tigh., Ult., a. 660, 689 [Bishops], 737, 790 [merely abbats]; Ann. IV. Mag., &c.: see Reeves's Adamnan, Add. Notes, pp. 375, 377, 385-387). 12. S. Maelrubha, at Applecross (see Ann. Tigh., a. 737; Ann. Ult., a. 802; Reeves's S. Maelrubha (Edinb. 1861); and above in vol. I. p. 125).]

[MISSION OF BISHOP AIDAN TO NORTHUMBRIA.]

A.D. 574 (?). “Ordination" of King Aidan as King of Dalriada by

S. Columbas.

ADAMNAN., V. S. Columb. lib. III. c. 5.—Sanctus [Columba], verbo obsecutus Domini, ad Iouamb transnavigavit insulam, ibidemque Aidanum, iisdem adventantem diebus, in Regem (sicut erat jussuse) ordinavit. Et inter ordinationis verba, de filiis et nepotibus pronepotibusque ejus futura prophetizavit: imponensque manum super caput ejus, ordinans benedixit. [p. 198, ed. Reeves.]

a Cf. Gildas' statement about "anointing" British Kings, Hist. XIX.; M. H. B. 12. In Ireland, the first mention of ecclesiastical confirmation of royalty is A.D. 992 (Reeves, Adamn. p. 199, note). The practice was no doubt borrowed from that of the Greek Emperors. See e. g. Morinus, De Sac. Ord. P. I. P. 243. n. 122.

Martene, De Antiq. Eccl. Rit.,

II. 10, wrongly asserts this act of S. Columba to be the earliest of the kind. See also Maskell's Pref. to the Coronation Service, and Robertson, Stat. Eccl. Scot., Pref. p. xliv. note.

b Iona = a corruption of Iowa [i. e. insula], an adjective, sc. of Hy: v. Reeves, Addit. Notes to Adamn., pp. 258-262.

c Viz. by an angelic vision.

A.D. 575. Council of Drumceat (in Ireland) separates politically the Scottish and Irish Dalriada. (See under the Irish Church.)

Ann. Ult., and see Reeves ad Adamn. pp. 37 note, 97.

A.D. 597. June 9. Death of S. Columba. (See below, in Appendix D.)

A.D. 604 x 610. Letter of Laurentius Archbishop of Canterbury respecting Easter, to the Bishops and Abbats "per universam Scottiam." (See below, under the Saxon Church, vol. III. p. 61. It seems to include Hya.)

a The letter was addressed to the Irish Bishops, according to Bede's description, but S. Columba and his immediate successors were in the closest possible connection with the Irish Church. legend about S. Laurentius and S. Margaret, in connection with Laurencekirk in the Mearns (Goscelin, Transl. S.

Augustini [written A.D. 1098], Actt. SS. May, vol. V. pp. 881-883, and see likewise ib., Feb., vol. I. p. 294), connects Laurentius also with the Pictish Church, if any reliance, even so far as this, can be placed upon it. See Robertson, Stat. Eccl. Scot., Pref. xxi. note.

A.D. 634. Letter of Cummianus to Segienus Abbat of Hy respecting Eastera. For this, and for the letters of Popes Honorius and John IV. (Bæd. H. E., II. 19), see below under the Irish Church.

A.D. 635. Mission of Bishop Aidan to Northumbria from Hya.

a See below, under the Saxon Church, vol. III. p. 91.-" Ferunt autem quia cum de provincia Scottorum Rex Osuald postulasset antistitem, qui sibi suæque genti verbum fidei ministraret, missus fuerit primo alius austerioris

animi vir, qui cum aliquandiu genti Anglorum prædicans nihil proficeret, nec libenter a populo audiretur, redierit patriam, atque in conventu seniorum retulerit, quia nil prodesse docendo genti ad quam missus erat, potuisset, eo quod

[ADAMNAN.]

A.D. 635. Columbite Church in Rathlin.

ANN. TIGH., in an.-Seigine abbas Ie ecclesiam Recharrn fundavit.

A.D. 680. Council of Rome, where Wilfrid answers for the faith of (among others) the Scots and Pictsa.

See above, p. 5; and below, in the Saxon Church, vol. III. p. 140.

A D. 681-685. Trumwini's temporary Episcopate over Picts, at Abercorna. a See below, under the Saxon Church, vol. III. p. 165.

A.D. 686. Adamnan's visit to Aldfrid of Northumbria, to obtain the liberty of Egfrid's Irish prisoners.

ANN. TIGH., in an. 687.-Adomnanus captivos reduxit ad Hiberniam LX. (So also Ann. Ulton., in an. 686a.)

A.D. 692. Irish Columbite Monasteries subject to Hya.

ANN. TIGH., in an.-Adomnanus XIIII. annis post pausam Failbe Ea ad Hiberniam pergit.