[ROMAN EASTER AND TONSURE ACCEPTED BY PICTS AND SCOTS.]

BÆD., H. E., III. 4.-Tunc [A.D. 715] veniente ad eos reverentissimo et sanctissimo patre et sacerdote Ecgbercto, de natione Anglorum, qui in Hibernia diutius exulaverat pro Christo, eratque et doctissimus in Scripturis et longæ vitæ perfectione eximius, correcti sunt per eum et ad verum canonicumque Pascha diem translati; quem tamen et antea non semper in luna quarta decima cum Judæis, ut quidam rebantur, sed in die quidem Dominica, alia tamen quam decebat hebdomada celebrabant. Sciebant enim, ut Christiani, Resurrectionem Dominicam quæ prima sabbati facta est prima sabbati semper esse celebrandam: sed ut barbari et rustici, quando eadem prima sabbati quæ nunc Dominica dies cognominatur veniret, minime didicerant. Verum quia gratia caritatis fervere non omiserunt, et hujus quoque rei notitiam ad perfectum percipere meruerunt, juxta promissum Apostoli dicentis: "Et si quid aliter sapitis, et hoc quoque vobis Deus revelabit.”— V. 22. Nec multo post illi quoque qui insulam Hii incolebant monachi Scottica nationis, cum his quæ sibi erant subdita monasteriis, ad ritum Paschæ ac tonsuræ canonicum Domino procurante perducti sunt. Siquidem anno ab Incarnatione Domini septingentesimo sextodecimo, ... cum venisset ad eos de Hibernia Deo amabilis et cum omni honorificentia nominandus pater ac sacerdos Ecgberct,... honorifice ab eis et multo cum gaudio susceptus est. Qui quoniam et doctor suavissimus, et eorum quæ agenda docebat erat exsecutor devotissimus, libenter auditus ab universis, immutavit piis ac sedulis exhortationibus inveteratam illam traditionem parentum eorum, de quibus Apostolicum illum licet proferre sermonem, quod æmulationem Dei habebant sed non secundum scientiam; catholicoque illos atque Apostolico more celebrationem, ut diximus, præcipuæ solemnitatis sub figura coronæ perpetis agere perdocuit. . . . . Susceperunt autem Hiienses monachi, docente Ecgbercto, ritus vivendi Catholicos sub abbate Duunchado, post annos circiter octoginta ex quo ad prædicationem gentis Anglorum Aidanum miserant antistitem. [M. H. B. 176, 177, 281.]

a Bede's date of A.D. 715 has been explained as that of the year when the change was resolved upon, and A.D. 716 as that when it actually took effect. He merely mentions the change, and alludes indirectly to the rejection of Columbite supremacy by the Picts on occasion

of it.

b Bede, writing A.D. 731, states that the

monastery of Hy "in cunctis pene septentrionalium Scottorum [i. e. in Ireland] et omnium Pictorum monasteriis non parvo tempore arcem tenebat, regendisque eorum populis præerat" (H. E., III. 3); which implies certainly that Hy had in A.D. 731 lost at least in part that supremacy, as the Annalists affirm. That Abernethy succeeded to it, and that, in

66

[PROBABLE PICTISH PRIMACY OF ABERNETHY.]

Abernethy, fuerunt tres electiones factæ, quando non fuit nisi unus solus Episcopus in Scotia," is asserted by Fordun (IV. 12). According to the Chron. Pict. (Skene, 6), "Necton Morbet filius Erip XXIIIJ. [annos] regnavit : tercio anno regni ejus Darlugdach Abbatissa Cilledara de Hibernia exulat pro Christo ad Britanniam secundo anno adventus sui immolavit Nectonius Aburnethige Deo et Sancte Brigide, presente Dairlugdach que cantavit alleluia super istam hostiam. Optulit igitur Nectonius magnus filius Wirp, Rex omnium provinciarum Pictorum, Apurnethige Sancte Brigide, usque ad diem judicii, cum suis finibus, que posite sunt a lapide in Apurfeirt usque ad lapidem juxta Cairfuill, id est, Lethfoss, et inde in altum usque ad Athan," &c. &c. It is certainly possible that this legend may really refer to the later Nectan, Mac Derili. There is also an entry in another, 13th cent., chronicle (Chron. of Picts and Scots, Skene, 201), which (as does also a third chronicle, ib. 150), while it attributes the building of Abernethy to Garnald son of Donald, successor to Bruidi, about A.D. 583, implies

14

that it occupied the same position as Dunkeld did afterwards: "Garnald .... edifia l'eglis de Abirnithin, CC. aunz, et XXV. aunz, et XI. moys, deuaunt qe l'eglis de Dunkeldin fust edifie du Roy Constentin Roy des Picis." The legend of S. Bonifacius (Brev. Aberdon. Prop. SS. pro temp. Hyem., and Skene, Chron. 421 sq.), which brings him with a large number of Roman clergy-Boniface indeed being confounded with the Popeto baptize a Pictish King Nectan, is also supposed to be a tradition of the influx of (so to say) Roman clergy, necessarily consequent upon the expulsion of the Columbite clergy by Nectan (Skene, Pref. to Chron.). But Boniface is only an alias of Bishop Cuiritin or Queretinus of Rosemarkie (Reeves, Culdees, 45), and was an Irishman. Nectan Mac Derili undoubtedly built a stone church in Pictland (Bæd. H. E., V. 21), but its locality is not stated by Bede, and while Wyntoun indicates Rosemarkie, the far more probable site of Restennet, near Dunnichen, is suggested by Bishop Forbes and Mr. Stuart.

A.D. 721. A Pictish Bishop of " Scotia" at a Council of Rome.

CONC. ROM. SUB GREGORIO II. (subscriptt.)—Fergustus, Episcopus Scotia Pictus, huic constituto a nobis promulgato subscripsi. [Labb., VI. 1458; and above, p. 7.]

A.D. 723-791. ANN. TIGH. and ANN. ULT., in an. 723. Clericatus Selbaigh Regis Dalriada.-ANN. TIGH., in an. 724. Clericatus [N]echtain Regis Pictorum.-ANN. ULT., in an. 731. Clericatus Echdach filii Cuidini Regis Saxonum, et constringitur.-IB., in an. 770. Niall Frassach, Rex Hiberniæ, post septenne imperium, religiosus in Hyensi monasterio factus est (and IB., in an. 778, his death.— IB., in an. 782. Baculus Airtgaile mic Cathail Regis Connacie, et peregrinatio ejus in sequenti anno ad insolam Iae (and IB., in an. 791, his death).

A.D. 727-778. Supremacy of Hy over Irish Columbite Monasteries.

ANN. TIGH. and ULT., in an. 727. Adamnani reliquie transferuntur in Hiberniam, et lex renovatur.-ANN. ULT., in an. 730. Reversio reliquiarum Adomnani de Hibernia in mense Octobris.-ANN. TIGH. and ULT., in an. 754. Sleibine Abbas Iea in Hiberniam venit (and so, A.D. 753, Lex Columb-Cille per Domhnall Midhe [Domnall of Meath, King of Ireland], and A.D. 757, Lex Columcille la [i. e. per] Slebine, and A.D. 758, Reversio Slebine in Hiberniam).-ANN. ULT., in an.

[CHURCH OF S. ANDREW'S FOUNDED BY ANGUS.]

765. Suibne Abbas Iae in Hiberniam venit (and so A.D. 778, Lex Columbcille per Donnchadh et Bresal [Donchad was son of Domnall and King of Ireland; Bresal was abbat of Hy]).

A.D. 736 × 747. Church of Kilrimont or S. Andrew's founded by Angus King of the Picts.

LEGEND OF S. ANDREW (in Reg. Prior. S. Andrea).-Rex vero [Hungus] dedit hunc locum, scilicet Chilrymonth, Deo et Sancto Andreæ Ejus Apostolo, cum aquis, pratu, cum agris, cum pascuis, cum moris, cum nemoribus, in eliemosynam perpetuo; et tanta libertate locum illum donavit, ut illius inhabitatores liberi et quieti semper existerent de exercitu et de operibus castellorum et pontium, et de inquietatione omnium secularium exactionum. Regulus vero Episcopus Deo cantavit orationem Allej. ut Deus locum istum in eleemosinam datum in sempiternam protegeret et custodiret in honorem Apostoli. In memoriale datæ libertatis Rex Hungus cespitem arreptum, coram nobilibus Pictis hominibus suis, usque ad altare Sancti Andreæ detulit; et super illud cespitem eundem obtulit. In presentia testium horum hoc factum est, Thalarg filii Ythernbuthib, Nactan filii Chelturan, Garnach filii Dosnach, Drusti filii Wrthrosst, Nachtalich filii Gigherti, Shinah filii Lutheren, Anegus filii Forchete, Pheradach filii Finleich, Phiachan sui filii, Bolge, Glunmerach filii Taran, Demene filii Aunganena, Duptalaich filii Bergib. Isti testes ex regali prosapia geniti sunta. [Skene, Chron. 186, 187; see also ib. 140.]

ANN. TIGH. and ULT., in an. 747.-Mors Tuathalain Abbatis Cind-rigmonaigh.

a See for S. Rule, below, in App. E. p. 139. S. Cainnech or Canice (ob. c. A.D. 597) was also connected with S. Andrew's. It is plain from the Annalists that S. Andrew's was founded as early at least as the reign of the earlier Angus,

A.D. 736-765. If therefore the above legend refers to Angus Mac Fergus, ob. A.D. 834 (Skene, Chron. 202), that king could only have refounded it. See Skene, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotl., IV. i. pp. 301-307.

A.D. 782. ANN. ULT., in an. 781.-Muiredhach mac Huairgaile, equonimusa Iae, quievit.

A.D. 813, the Canon of the Council of Chalons, respecting "Episcopi Scoti," and A.D. 816, the Canon of the Council of Cealckyth condemning the Scoti for their want of a metropolitan. See below, under the Irish Church, at their dates, and in vol. III. p. 581.

[PRIMACY TRANSFERRED TO DUNKELD.]

A.D. 794-849. Hy ravaged by Norsemen, and consequent migrations of S. Columba's relics, and importance of Kells as chief Columbite abbey. A.D. 794. ANN. INNISFALL., in an.-Orcain Iae Coluimchille [Plunder of Hi Columcille].

A.D. 806. ANN. ULTON., in an.-Familia Iae occisa est a gentibus, i. lx. octo.

A.D. 814. IB., in an. - Ceallach Abbas Iae finita constructione templi Cenindsa [Cenannus=Kells, co. Meath] reliquit principatum. A.D. 825. IB., in an.-Martre Blaimhicc meic Flainn o gentib in Hi Coluimcille [The martyrdom of Blaimec son of Flann by the Gentiles in Hi Columcille].

A.D. 829. IB., in an.-Diarmait Ab. Iae do dul an Albain cominnaib Coluimcille [Diarmait Abbat of Ia went to Alban with the reliquaries of Columcille].

A.D. 831. IB., in an. Diarmait totiachtain in h-Erin comminaib Coluimcille [Diarmait came to Erin with the reliquaries of Columcille].

A.D. 849. IB., in an.-Innrechtach Ab. Iae do tiachtain do cum n-Erenn commindaib Coluimcille [Inrechtach Abbat of Ia came to Erin with the reliquaries of Columcille].

A.D. 842. Grant of Lochleven by King Brude to the Keledeia.

a See below under A.D. 955. This is the earliest record of Culdees in Scotland. In Ireland they are traceable perhaps to the 7th,

but certainly to the latter half of the 8th, century. See Reeves, Culdees, p. 8.

A.D. 849. Primacy and S. Columba's relics transferred to Dunkeld a by Kenneth Mac Alpin.

PICT. CHRON.-Kinadius filius Alpini septimo anno regni sui reliquias Sancti Columbæ transportavit ad ecclesiam quam construxit. [Skene, Chron. 8.]

DE SANCTIS IN ANGLIA SEPULTIS.-Sanctus Columcylle requiescit in loco dicto Duncahan, juxta fluvium Tau. [ap. Hickes, Dissert. Epist. p. 117, from a MS. of probably the tenth century .]

See below under A.D. 865. Probably the abbat (see above) who went to Ireland in the same year 849 with the relics (or some of them) of S. Columba, objected to the transfer. It is plain, also, that at some period since A.D. 717 the Columban clergy had regained their influence in Pictland. In A.D. 849, Dalriada had just been permanently absorbed into one

kingdom with Pictland by Kenneth.

Founded by Constantine, ob. A.D. 820, according to one (late) Chronicle (Skene, 201), followed by Fordun, &c.; and for Keledei (according to Dean Mylne, in the 15th century).

e See Hardy, Descr. Catal., I. 666. There is a Latin version as well as the Saxon original.

APPENDIX A.

RULE OF S. COLUMBA,

FROM A MS. IN THE BURGUNDIAN LIBRARY AT BRUSSELS a.