[S. COLUMBA STILL THE PATRON SAINT OF ALBAN.] probably of these two facts, the civil capital, which had been at Forteviot, is now found to be at Scone; and Cellach, who was Bishop in the time of Cyric (Fordun and Wyntoun), is found in connection with (not Dunkeld, but) S. Andrew's. A.D. 909 [?]. S. Columba still IRISH ANNALS, fragments, in an. 909.-As beg nach is na laithibhsi ro cuirsed Foirtrennaigh Lochlonnaigh cath. As cruaidh imurro ro cuirsiot fir Alban an cath so, uair baoi Columcille ag congnamh leo, uair ro ghuidhsoid go diochra e, uair ba he a n-apstol e as trid ro ghabhsad creidemh. Uair fecht oile anuair ro baoi Imar Conung na giolla og tainig d-inredh Alban, tri catha mora a lion, asedh da ronsad fir Alban eidir laoch cleirech bheith go maidin i n-aoine a n-iornaidhe ra Dia do ra Colamcille eighme mora do denamh ris in Choimdhedh, J almsana iomhda bidh 7 edaig do thabhairt dona h-egalsaibh na bochtaibh corp an Choimdhedh do chaithem allamhuibh a sagart geallaidh gach maithiusa do ghenamh amail as ferr no ioralfaidis a celeirigh forra comadh eadh ba meirge dhoibh i gcenn gach catha, bachall Colaimcille, gonadh aire sin adberas Cathbhuaidh fria o sin alle; ba hainm coir, uair is minic rugsadsomh buaidh a ccathaibh le; amhail do ronsat iaram an tan sin dola a muinighin Colaimcille. VOL. II. • For Cellach's designation, see below under A.D. 963, 1055. d Boethius (X. p. 205) expands this into strict laws enforcing performance of their spiritual duties upon the clergy, under penalty of fine or degradation. the Patron Saint of Alban. Almost at the same time, the men of Fortrenn and the Lochlanns a fought a battle. Vigorously, indeed, did the men of Alban fight this battle, for Columcille was assisting them, for they prayed to him fervently, because he was their apostle, and it was through him they had received the faith. On a former occasion, when Imhar Conung was a young man, he came to plunder Alban with three large battalions. What the men of Alban, both laity and clergy, did, was to remain until morning fasting and praying to God and to Columcille, and they cried aloud to the Lord, and gave many alms of food and clothes to the churches and to the poor, and to take the body of the Lord from the hands of the priests, and to promise to do every good as their clergy would order them; and they would have as their standard at the head of every battle the crozier of Columcille, for which reason it is called the Cathbhuaidhe from that time forth; and this was a befitting name for it, for they have often gained victory in battles by means of it, as they L [COARBS OF COLUMCILLE.] Do ronsaid an modh cedna an tan sa. Ra cuiriodh iaramh an cathsa go cruaidh feochair; rugsad na h-Albanaigh buaidh cosgar; ro marbhaid imurro na Lochlonnaigh go h-iomdha ar maidhm forra J marbhthar a righ ann. i. Oittir mac Iarngna. As cian iarttain na ro saighsiod Danair na Lochlonnaigh orra, acht ro bui sidh comshanadh doibh. [Skene, Chron. 405-407; O'Donovan, Annals of Ireland, Fragm., PP. 229-231, Dubl. 1860; and Reeves, Add. Notes to Adamn. pp. 332-334; from Fragments of Irish Annals, transcribed by Mac-Firbis from the Book of Gillananaemh Mac-Egan, MS. Brussels 5301, date unknown.] a Lochlanns = Norwegians. The story looks like a confused tradition of the battle of Corbridge-on-Tyne, A.D. 918, where the Jarl Ottir was one of the Northmen leaders. See did afterwards at that time when they put their trust in Columcille. They acted in the same way on this occasion. This battle was afterwards fought fiercely and vigorously. The Albanich gained victory and triumph. The Lochlanns were slain in great numbers and defeated, and their King was slain, viz. Ottir, son of Iargna; and it was long after this until either Danes or Lochlanns attacked them, but they enjoyed peace and tranquillity. [Skene, Chron. 405-407.] Ann. Ult. in an. 918. bi. e. Ivor the King, slain by the men of Fortrenn A.D. 904 (Ann. Ult.). ei. e. Battle-victory. A.D. 927, 938. ANN. ULT., in an. 927. Maelbrighde mac Tornain, Comharba a Patricii et Columbæ-cille, felici senectute quievit (see also O'Donovan, as above, p. 242; and Ann. IV. Mag., in an. 908).— IB., in an. 938. Dubtach Comharba a Coluimcille y Adomnani in pace J quievit.-ANN. IV. MAG., in an. 935 [937]. Aongas mac Muirċertaig, saoi, angcoire, tanaisi abbaid Iae, décc [Angus mac Muircheartach, a learned man, anchorite, and tanist abbat of Ia, died]. a These are the earliest entries of abbats of Hy as coarbs of Columba; and this in conjunction with other abbeys, as Armagh, and Raphoe. The usage is thenceforth common. Maelbrighde was apparently the scribe of the Lambeth Gospels: see above in vol. I. p. 190, note. A.D. 929. ANN. ULT., in an. - Caencomhrac mac Maeluidhir, abbas et Episcopus de Daire-Calgaigh [Derry], et procurator Legis Adamnania, obiit. [and IV. Mag., in an. 927.] a i. e. Maor Cana Adbamnain = receiver of the dues payable to a portion of the Columbite order: he was a monastic Bishop, not diocesan (Reeves). [KELEDEI OF S. Andrew's and oF LOCHLEVEN.] A.D. 943. Constantine, son of Aodh, King of Alban, becomes Abbat of the Keledei of S. Andrew's. CHRON. PICT. [Constantinus] in senectute decrepitus baculum cepit et Domino servivit: et regnum mandavit Mael filio Domnail. [Skene, Chron. 9.] CHRON. OF SCOTS AND PICTS.-Constantine mak Edha XL. annis regnavit et dimisso regno sponte Deo in habitu religionis abbas factus est in Keldeorum Sancte Andree, quinque annis servivit ibi et mortuus est et sepultus. [Id., ib. 151; and similarly in later Chronicles, ib. 174, 178, 205, 288, 301, 305.] ANN. ULTON., in an. 952.-Custantin mac Aeda Ri Albain moritur. a So this, which is a 13th century Chronicle, and similarly all the later Chronicles: but the oldest Pictish Chron. (Skene, 10) makes Constantine die "in X. ejus [Malcolmi] anno sub corona penitenti in senectute bona." He was buried at S. Andrew's instead of Hy, contrary to custom (Chron. Pict.). Before A.D. 955. The Keledei of Lochleven make over the island (theirs since A.D. 842) to the Bishop of S. Andrew's. REGIST. PRIOR. S. ANDR.-Brude filius Dergard, qui ultimus Regum Pictorum secundum antiquas tradiciones fuisse recolitur, contulit insulam Lochleuine Deo omnipotenti et Sancto Servano et Keledeis heremitis ibidem commorantibus et Deo servientibus et servituris in illa insula. Et prefati Keledei dederunt locum cellule Episcopo Sancti Andree sub tali forma: quod Episcopus exhiberet eis victum et uestitum. Et ne ignoretur quis contulit Episcopo locum ibi, Ronanus monachus et abbas, vir admirande sanctitatis, primo concessit precario locum ibi Episcopo, scilicet Fothath filio Brenc, qui nunc et tunc per totam Scociam fuit celebris et satis commendabilis uite. Prefatus Episcopus dedit benediccionem suam plenarie omnibus hiis qui observarent conuencionem istam et amiciciam initam inter Episcopum et Keledeos, et uersa vice dedit malediccionem suam omnibus Episcopis qui infirmarent et reuocarent prefatam conuencionem. [p. 113.] a i. e. Brude VII., called by Fordun "Brude filius Feredech," who reigned one year, sc. A.D. 842, being Kenneth Mac Alpin's immediate predecessor. See Reeves, Culdees, p. 125. b A 'precaria" or "precarium" was a mode of quasi-alienation of Church (among 46 other) property, by one form of which the ownership was alienated (commonly with a view to protection at the hands of the alienee), the alienor retaining the usufruct, in whole or in part: see Du Cange, sub v. Precaria. See the next article for the date of this gift. [LAY KELEDEAN ABBAT.] A.D. 963. ANN. IV. MAG., in an.-Fothadha mac Brain scriba et Episcopus Insularum Albæ. a Fothadh, "primus Episcopus Scottorum," and successor to Cellach, was expelled by King Indulf, and died eight years afterwards, according to the Suppl. to Fordun. He was expelled therefore about the date of Indulf's accession, A.D. 955. According to the Legend of S. An- in the inscription upon the silver cover of his Gospels (Skene, Chron. 190). And the title lasted into the 12th century. Simeon Dunelm. in one passage so calls Turgot (in Twysd. 237), A.D. 1109. So does also Turgot's own Profession (in Stubbs, ap. Twysd. 1713), if it can be trusted. The letter of Nicolas to Eadmer speaks of the " præsul S. Andreæ," at the same period, as called "summus pontifex Scotia." Robert, Bishop A.D. 1122 (Reg. of S. Andr. in Skene, 190), Ernald, Bishop A.D. 1158 or 1160 (Reg. Prior. S. Andr. 126, 127, 128), and Richard, Bishop A.D. 1163 (ib. 12), are still styled, or style themselves, Episcopus Scottorum." But on the other hand the title of Bishop of S. Andrew's is given to Turgot, not only by Simeon Dunelm. repeatedly, but by King Alexander (Eadmer, Hist. Nov., V.); and to Eadmer by Archbishop Anselm (ib. IV.); and Bishops Robert and Ernald so call themselves (Reg. P. S. A. 124, 128); and naturally, after the complete establishment of the other local Bishoprics, it became the proper title, from the 12th century onwards. The Archbishopric dates from Aug. 17, A.D. 1472. A.D. 965. A lay (Keledean) Abbat at Dunkeld. ANN. ULT., in an.-Cath ettir fhiru Alban imoneitir ubi multi occisi sunt im Dounchadh .i. Ab. Duincaillenn [Battle between the men of Alban among themselves, when many were slain about Duncan Abbat of Dunkeld]. A.D. 966-1011. ANN. IV. MAG., in an. 964. Finghin angcoire Epscob Ia, deicc [Finghin anchorite and Bishop of Hy died].ANN. ULT., in an. 978. Fiachra Aircinneacha Ia quievit.—IB., in an. 980. Mugron Comharba Coluimcilleb ittir Erenn 7 Albain [in Erin and Alba] vitam felicem finivit.—IB., in an. 986. I Columcille do arcain do Danaraibh aidhci n-otlac coromarbhsat in Apaidh J XV viros do Sruithibh na Cille [Hy of Columbkill plundered by the Danes on the night of the Nativity, and the Abbat and XV men of the learned of the Church slain].-ANN. IV. MAG., in an. 985 [986]. Maolciarain Ua Maighre, comharba Colaim Chilles, du dhul i ndergmhartra las na Danaraibh i n-Ath Cliath [Maelciarain Ua Maighre, coarb of Columbcille, was cruelly murdered by the Danes of [CHANGES AT HY.] Athcliath].-ANN. ULT., in an. 989. Dunchadh hua Robacan comhorba Coluimcille mortuus est. Dubdalethe comharba Patraicc do gabhail comharbain Columcille a Comhairle fer n-Erenn Albain [takes the corbeship of Columbcille by the advice of the men of Erin and Alba].—IB., in an. 1007. Muredach mac Cricain do deirgin comarbus Columcille ar Dia-Ferdomnach i comorbus Columcille con a comairle fer n-Erenn isin aenach sin [Muredach son of Crecan resigns the corbeship of Columcille for the service of God. Ferdomnach elected to the corbeship of Columcille by the advice of the men of Erin at that fair, viz. of Tailtan (so IV. Mag.)]—IB., in an. 1011. Muredach hua Crican comorba Columcilla y fer leighinne Ardmacha in Christo dormivit. A.D. 967 × 971. CHRON. PICT.-Leot et Sluagadach exierunt ad Romam. [Skene, 10: in the reign of Culen.] A.D. 970a. CHRON. PICT.-Maelbrigde Episcopus pausavit: Cellach filius Ferdalaig regnavit. [Skene, 10.] a The date is reckoned from Fordun and Fordun) to have been the first Scottish Bishop, Wyntoun. Cellach is alleged (but only by qui adivit Romam pro confirmatione." A.D. 971 × 995. Foundation of Brechina by Kenneth son of Malcolm. CHRON. PICT.-Hic [Cinadius=Kenneth II.] est qui tribuit mag nam civitatem Brechne Domino. a In King David's time certainly, and probably from its foundation, Keledean. See below in Appendix B. Dr. Petrie (Eccles. [Skene, Chron. 10.] Archit. of Ireland, p. 410) dates the wellknown round tower, not at this date, but in A.D. 1020. A.D. 977. A Scottish Bishop named Beornhelma on the side of the Secular Clergy at the Council of Calne. EADMER, V. S. Dunstan.-Illis autem huic vitæ subtractis, filii eorum, cupientes recuperare quæ perdiderant in parentibus suisb, |