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[FOTHADH'S ALLEGED PROFESSION TO ARCHBISHOP THOMAS OF YORK.]

a The one shadow of pretence for York primacy over Scotland, was the provision of Gregory the Great in his letter to S. Augustin, that after Augustin's death there should be two primates, respectively at London and at York, each with twelve suffragans,-coupled with his assignment of all the British Bishops, which would have been meant to include the whole island, Scotland and all, to the jurisdiction of Augustin, and so onwards, in their due shares, to his two successors that were to be. The compact above made is the first hint of the actual putting forward of such a

claim. The absence of a metropolitan and of diocesan organization in Scotland at the time, rendered it more plausible and more feasible; especially when circumstances tended to sever Scotland from Irish influence and to lead it to look up to the Anglo-Norman Church. And the existence of the Saxon dioceses, that once included nearly all Scotland south of Forth and Clyde, with Trumwini's brief episcopate over Picts, and Wilfrid's claim (at Rome) to represent among others the Pictish Church, helped to lend it some shred of apparently historical foundation.

A.D. 1072 × 1093. Fothadh Bishop of the Scots said to have professed subjection to the See of York.

STUBBS, Actt. Pontiff. Ebor.—Ad hunc Thomama consilio et imperio Regis Scottorum Malcholmi et Regina Margaretæ venit Foderoch Episcopus Sancti Andree de Scotia, et transgressionem suam confitens, eo quod a Scottis ordinatus fuerat cum ab Eboracensi metropolitano jure consecrari debuerit, professionem ipsi Archiepiscopo Thomæ suisque successoribus fecit, scriptamque legit et tradidit, quæ sic incipit-Ego Foderoch Scottorum Episcopus in sede Sancti Andree Apostoli, &c. Ipse etiam Episcopus Federoch jubente eodem Archiepiscopo Thoma in Eboraco ecclesias dedicavit. [Twysd. 1709: also verbatim in Bodl. MS. Digby 140, a 13th century MS., but ending with Archbishop Thurstin, and therefore probably written originally in the early part of the 12th.]

a Thomas I., A.D. 1070-1100. Fothadh was Bishop A.D. 1059-1093. And Malcolm Canmore was King A.D. 1058-1093, and married Margaret probably A. D. 1070. Fothadh's alleged profession therefore falls necessarily between A.D. 1070 and 1093. But the compact of A.D. 1072 probably suggested, and preceded, any efforts of Archbishop Thomas to obtain rule over the Scottish Church. That Thomas did make such efforts

seems implied in King Alexander's words to Ralph of Canterbury - that Lanfranc (the Canterbury claim being admitted by Alexander when he wrote the letter) "ad tempus Thomæ Eboraci Archiepiscopi illud relaxaverat." And Fothadh may have been induced by Queen Margaret to make some kind of concession to York. But the authority for the story is, in this particular case, that of a partizan.

A.D. 1073, July x Nov. Pope Gregory VII, to Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury. (Extract.)

*** Tuam vero fraternitatem ...... admonemus, quatinus inter omnia et præ omnibus nefas quod de Scotis audivimus, videlicet quod plerique proprias uxores non solum deserunt sed etiam vendunt, omnibus modis prohibere contendat: ad hæc enim Apostolica te auctoritate fultum esse volumus, ut non solum in Scotis hoc scelus, sed etiam in aliis, si quos in Anglorum insula tales esse cognoveris,

[BOUNDARIES OF S. ANDREW'S AND DURHAM.] penitus extirpare non differas. *** ed. Jaffé; Labb. Conc. X. 306, 307.]

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a Whether this is meant to apply to Scotch or Irish, is not quite clear; probably (judging by Anselm's similar letter to "Muriardachus Rex Hibernorum," Epist. III. 147, and by other letters of like tenour and period) the

[Mon. Gregor. p. 521,

latter. Yet Scoti in the end of the 11th century, seems to indicate Scotland. See also Gregory's letter to the Brétons, of Aug. 28, A.D. 1074.

A.D. 1073 × 1100. Melrose and Jedburgh still subject to Durham ecclesiastically, although politically subject to Malcolm III. of Scotland and his

successors.

SIM. DUNELM., Hist. Dun., III. 22.-Sed cum Regi Scottorum Malcolmo, ad quem locus iste [Mailrosense monasterium] pertinebat, eorum (Aldwini scilicet et Turgoti b) ibi conversatio innotuisset, graves ab illo injurias pertulerunt et persecutiones, pro eo quod, Evangelicum præceptum servantes, jurare illi fidelitatem noluerunt. [p. 45, Twysd.]

ID., Hist. Contin., in an. 1072.- Eadulfus cognomento Rus, qui postea ducem se exhibuit eorum qui Walcherum Episcopum occiderunt, ipseque dicitur sua illum interfecisse manu: sed mox et ipse, a femina occisus, sepultus est in ecclesia apud Geddewerde: sed post a Turgoto, quondam Priore Dunelmensis Ecclesiæ et archidiacono, talis inde spurcitia projecta. [1. 91, ed. Hinde.]

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Burned by Kenneth of Scotland A.D. 850 (Skene, Cbron. 299): still belonging to Lindisfarne A.D. 854 (Sim. Dun., Hist. Recapit., I. 68, Hinde), as did also at the same time Jedburgh, and as far north as Edinburgh (Id., ib.) and similarly A.D. 875, since the relics of S. Cuthbert rested there among other places (Orig. Paroch. Scotl., I. 280): still belonging to S. Cuthbert and Durham down to about A.D. 1100, as above, but nearly destroyed ("a solitude," see next note), and dependent upon Durham or the subordinate Coldingham Priory until King David obtained it, about A.D. 1126 × 1136, in exchange for Berwick (Charter in Raine's North Durbam, Append.

no. XVIII., and so also Fordun).

b Successively Priors of Durham, but at this time in retirement at Melrose ("once a monastery, now a solitude," Sim. Dun., as above). Aldwin came to Northumbria A.D. 1073 (Sim. Dun., Hist. Dun. Eccl., IV. 3), went to Melrose a little later, then to Wearmouth, and in A.D. 1083 to Durham.

It looks as if this piece of discipline had been exercised by Turgot whilst he was Prior of Durham, and if so, A.D. 1088 x 1108: but since the Bishops of Glasgow claimed Teviotdale from about A.D. 1100, it was probably before that year. See above, pp. 12, 15.

VOL. II.

M

[BISHOP OF THE ORKNEYS CONSECRATED AT YORK.]

A.D. 1073. Ralph I. Bishop of the Orkneys consecrated at York by Thomas Archbishop of York.

1. A.D. 1073. Thomas I. Archbishop of York to Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury.

Send two of Piissimo et sanctissimo Cantuariorum Archiepiscopo, totius your suffragans to assist me in quoque Britannia summo pastori, Lanfranco, THOMAS, fidelis consecrating a suus, et nisi præsumptuosum sanctitati suæ videatur, Bishop of the EBORACENSIS ECCLESIÆ ARCHIEPISCOPUS, cœli portas Petri Orkneys at York, March 3. vice justis et injustis juste aperire et claudere. Ecce, pater sanctissime, filius tuus ad te clamat; sed magis, filia, Eboracensis videlicet Ecclesia, ad eam, cui dispositione Divina præsides, Ecclesiam, tanquam ad maternum recurrens sinum, pie postulat, ut ex abundantia maternarum deliciarum reparetur inopia suarum se deserentium, immo longe et inter barbaras nationes positarum virium. Siquidem venit ad nos quidam clericus, quem misit Paulus Comes cum literis sigillatis de Orchadum partibus, significans in eis Episcopatum suæ terræ eidem clerico se concessisse. Ac ille antecessorum tuorum ordine custodito postulat a nobis Episcopum se consecrari. Cui, quod juste petit, injuste denegare non possumus. Precamur ergo, nobis duos Episcopos dirigat Paternitas vestra, quorum fulti orationibus et auxilio tantæ rei sacramentum canonice compleamus. Illa autem procul arceatur suspicio, quam nuperrime nobis noster frater et co-Episcopus subintulit Remigius, me scilicet inposterum quæsiturum Dorcacestrensis vel Wigornensis Episcopi hac de causa subjectionem: dico enim coram Deo me nunquam hoc facturum. Si placet igitur sanctitati vestræ, ut juxta petitionem nostram nobis facere dignemini, locum Eboracum, tempus 5 nonas Martias, nobis immutabiliter constituimus, et vobis significamus. Ergo vivas et valeas et spiritualibus incrementis usque quaque proficias. [W., I. 362, from MS. Cott. Vesp. E. IV. fol. 204 b.]

a The second of the letters here given is dated in MS. Cott. Vesp. E. 4 (used by Wilkins) as in A.D. 1073, Indict. XI., which would be the right indiction, and in which year also the 3rd March, the day specified in the first of the letters, fell on a Sunday. The Addit. to the

A. S. C. give the "seventh year" of Lanfranc, which (the question relating to March 3) would be A.D. 1077; in which year March 3 was not a Sunday, and the indiction would be wrong. Consequently Wilkins is probably right in dating the transaction in A.D. 1073.

[BISHOP OF THE ORKNEYS CONSECRATED AT YORK.]

2. A.D. 1073. Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury to Wulstan Bishop of Worcester and Peter Bishop of Chester.

Go to York to assist

bishop Thomas

LANFRANCUS GRATIA DEI SANCTE DOROBERNENSIS Arch- ECCLESIE ARCHIEPISCOPUS, venerabilibus fratribus Wlstano in consecrating Wigornensi et Petro Cestrensi Episcopis, salutem. Insinuavit a Bishop of the nobis venerabilis frater noster Thomas, Eboracensis Orkneys. Archiepiscopus, advenisse de Orchadum insulis ad se quendam clericum, quem in Episcopatum ipsius terræ, præcipiente et insinuante Paulo Comite, testatur esse electum. Et quia ex antiquo more sui juris est præfatarum insularum præsules consecrare, petit a me, ut mittam sibi de nostris suffraganeis duos, qui tantæ rei sacramentum cum eo valeant celebrare. Rogantes itaque præcipimus, et præcipientes rogamus, quatenus, omni excusatione summota, illuc eatis, ut ex nostro præcepto secum quod justum est in tanto rei mysterio compleatis. Non enim decet, ut qui sacrandus in hanc terram venit, et cum omni humilitate sacrari se postulat, inopia adjutorum a tanto regno non sacratus abscedat. Terminum hujus consecrationis lator vobis præsentium indicabit. Et ne forte soliciti sitis, putantes quod vel ipsi vel successores ejus hac occasione super Ecclesias vestras jus prælationis quandoque conentur arripere, literas quas ipse mihi transmisit, fraternitati vestræ, solicitudinem de futuro gerens, curavi transmittere. Quas, et has, quas vobis transmitto, in archivis Ecclesiarum vestrarum ob memoriam futurorum servatum iri præcipio. [W., I. 362, from MS. Cott. Vesp. E. IV. fol. 204 a.]

3. ADDIT. AD ANGLO-SAX. CHRON., in an. 1077.-Hoc quoque annoa misit ei [Lanfranco] litteras Thomas Archiepiscopus Eboracensis, in quibus rogavit ut sibi mitterentur duo Episcopi ad consecrandum clericum quendam, qui ei litteras de Horgadis insulis detulit ut ipsarum insularum Episcopus consecraretur. Cujus petitioni Lanfrancus annuens, mandavit Wlstano Wigorniensi et Petro Cestrensi Episcopis, ut Eboracam irent, et cum Thoma tantam rem complere satagerent. [p. 387, ed. Thorpe, from MS. CCCC. 173.]

asc. the 7th year of Lanfranc.

4. STUBBS, Actt. Pontiff. Ebor.-Orchadensium etiam electum Rodolphum idem Archiepiscopus [Thomas I.] sacravit, facta, lecta, et tradita professione, quæ sic incipit, In aspectu Dei et hujus Ecclesiæ,

Ego Rudolphus, &c.
Bodl. MS. Digby 140".]

[BISHOPS OF MAN AND THE ISLES.]
[Twysd. 1709.

a Paul Thorfinnson was Earl of the Orkneys A D. 1046-1099, according to Johnstone (Antiq. Celto-Scand. p. 294). The Orkney Bishops sent from Hamburgh from the middle of the IIth century were missionary Bishops"Nulli Episcopo certa sedes" (Adam. Brem.

And so also verbatim in

II. 16); and probably there was a vacancy in A.D. 1073, inasmuch as this first Ralph was sent for consecration by the Orkney Earl himself, and the line of Northman diocesan Bishops does not begin until about A.D. 1102 (see below, p. 167).

Before A.D. 1079". Bishops of Man and the Isles.

CHRON. MANN.-Hi fuerunt Episcopi qui Episcopalem Cathedram in Mannia susceperunt a tempore Godredi Crouan et aliquanto tempore ante. Primus exstitit, antequam Godredus Crouan regnare cœpisset, Roolwer (Hrölfr) Episcopus, qui jacet apud ecclesiam Sancti Machuti. Multi quidem a tempore beati Patricii, qui primus fidem Catholicam prædicasse fertur Mannensibus, exstiterunt Episcopi; sed ab ipso sufficit Episcoporum memoriam inchoasse. Sufficit, dicimus; quod qui vel quales ante ipsum Episcopi exstiterunt, penitus ignoramus, quia nec scriptum invenimus nec certa relatione seniorum didicimus. Post Roolwer exstitit Willelmus Episcopus. Post Willelmum in diebus Godredi Crouan Hamondus, &c. [Pp. 28, 29, ed. Munch.]

a Godred's probable date is A.D. 10791095. And the Episcopates of Hrölfr and William probably take us back to the beginnings of Northman Christianity in Man and

the Isles. The dates however are uncertain; since Wimund (Hamondus) was not consecrated before A.D. 1109 (see below under that year).

A.D. 1093. SIM. DUN., Hist. Contin. in an.-Ecclesia nova Dunelmi est incepta tertio Idus Augusti feria quinta, Episcopo Willelmo et Malcholmo Rege Scottorum et Turgoto Priore ponentibus primos in fundamento lapides. [I. 103, 104, ed. Hinde; see also Fordun, V. 25, from Turgot, ib. 261.]

This is regarded as doubtful by Mr. Hodgson Hinde (ad loc.), on the ground that Simeon does not mention it in his History of the Church of Durham. Malcolm's sons however were closely connected with Durham.

And his own English leanings make it probable that he himself was so as well. And the Chron. de Mailros, hardly however an independent witness, also (in an.) asserts the same fact.

A.D. 1093. ANN. ULT., in an.-Fothudha Ardepscob Albain in Christo quievit.

a The last Celtic Primate of the Scots.

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