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[EARLIEST DIOCESAN BISHOPS IN SCOTLAND.]

tradidit, quæ sic incipit, Ego Wymundus Sanctæ Ecclesiæ de Schid, &c. [Twysd. 1713.]

a Godred Crovan's dates are A.D. 1079 (?)— 1095. The chronology therefore of the Man Chronicle, which is generally inexact, must be corrected by the statement of the York writer represented by Stubbs. For Wymund Mac Aulay's later and very curious history, see Gul. Neubrig., I. 14, and Matt. Paris. He was a Cistercian of Savigny, from which abbey Furness was founded A.D. 1126; and deserted his see

(to become a pretender to the Scottish crown) A.D. 1130 x 1139, if the letters of King Olaf given below, recommending Nicolas of Furness to (apparently) Archbishop Thurstin, are rightly referred to the time of that Archbishop. The Earl of Murray, whose son Wymund claimed to be, was killed A.D. 1130. "Schid"= Skye, of which island Wymund was a presbyter.

A.D. 1109 × 1114. Ralph (II.), a Bishop of the Orkneys, consecrated by Archbishop Thomas II. at York.

STUBBS, Act. Pontiff. Ebor.-Radulphum etiam urbis Eboracensis presbyterum in ecclesia S. Petri ab Orcadensibus electum idem Thomas (II.) Orcadum insularum ordinavit Episcopum, qui ei professionem fecit et scriptam tradidit, quæ sic incipit, Ego Radulfus Orcadensis sanctæ Ecclesiæ, &c. [Twysd. 1713.]

a Radulfus Novellus (Ralph Nowel) was at York at the consecration of Robert of S. Andrew's A.D. 1128; was sent by Archbishop Thurstin as his "suffragan" to the army that fought the battle of the Standard A.D. 1138, and made a stirring harangue on the eve of the battle (7o. Hagulst., Ric. Hagulst., Ailr. Rieval. De Bello Standardii, H. Hunt., Hoveden, Brompton, &c.). A.D.1143 (in Sim. Dun. it is 1144), with the abbats of

S. Mary's at York, and of Whitby, he repre-
sented the Bishop of Durham at the council of
Winchester which assented to the election of
William Fitzherbert to the see of York (Sim.
Dun., Hist. Contin. in an. 1144, Twysd. 273).
There is no evidence that he ever actually
went to the Orkneys. See the letters of
Calixtus II. A.D. 1119-1124, and Honorius II.
A.D. 1125, below.

Before A.D. 1115. Foundation of the sees of Moray and of Dunkeld.

a The foundation charter of Scone Abbey is witnessed by "Gregorius Episcopus," and "Cormac Episcopus," and by no other Bishops, S. Andrew's being then vacant. A grant of Alexander to Scone, A.D. 1124, is attested by Robert 66 elect of S. Andrew's" (elected A.D. 1124, in which year also King Alexander died) and by Gregory and Cormac, but Gregory is here designated "Episcopus de Moravia." And King David's charter to Dunfermlin (A. D. 1128) is witnessed by Robert of S. Andrew's,

John of Glasgow, Cormac Bishop of Dunkeld, Gregory of Moray, and Macbeth of Ross. See Lib. de Scon, pp. 3. 4; Lib. de Dumfermlyn, PP. 3, 4. It seems to follow that the sees of the great northern Mormaerdom of Moray, and of the great lay and hereditary abbey of Dunkeld, existed before A.D. 1115. Dean Mylne dates the foundation of Dunkeld A.D. 1127, and attributes it to King David (see above, p. 181).

A.D. 1115a. Foundation of Augustinian Canons at Scone by Alexander I. and Sibilla his Queen.

CHRON. DE MAILROS, in an.-Canonicis tradita est ccclesia de Scon, a A.D. 1114 according to Fordun (V. 37). from the English monastery of S. Oswald's Robert the prior and his companions came near Pontefract. The foundation charter is in

[ALEXANDER KING OF THE SCOTS TO RALPH ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.]

Lib. de Scon, PP. 3, 4. That the church belonged to Keledei previously, is asserted by Buchanan, and is not improbable. But so far as the evidence goes, the transfer might well have been from clergy who were simply

Scottish and Columbite, and not Keledei at all: as in the parallel case of Dunfermlin, transferred probably by David from simply Scottish monks to Benedictines.

A.D. 1115. Alexander I. King of the Scots to Ralph Archbishop
of Canterbury.

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successor

the Archbishops

consecrated the

see".

EADMER, Hist. Nov. V.. Domino et Patri charissimo

to Radulfo, venerabili Cantuariensi Archiepiscopo, ALEXANDER, Turgot of S. Andrew's, since DEI MISERICORDIA REX SCOTORUM, salutem et devotæ the Pope or fidelitatis obsequium. Notificamus vobis, benignissime of Canterbury pater, quod Episcopus Ecclesiæ Sancti Andreæ Apostoli, have always dominus videlicet Turgodus, II. Kal. Septembris migravit Bishops of that a seculo. Unde valde contristamur tanto solatio destituti. Requirimus ergo vestræ [paternitatis] consilium et auxilium, sicut confidimus in vobis, ut secundum Deum talem substituere valeamus, qui nos et gentem nostram per Deo placitam conversationem regere et docere utiliter sciat. Petimus etiam, ut recordari dignemini, quid vobis jam quadam vice suggessimus de Episcopis Ecclesiæ Sancti Andreæ; quod in antiquis temporibus non solebant consecrari nisi ab ipso Romano pontifice, vel ab Archiepiscopo Cantuariensi; hocque tenuimus, et per successiones temporum ex auctoritate ratum habuimus, quousque dominus Lanfrancus Archiepiscopus, nescimus quo pacto, absentibus nobis et nostris, Thomæ Eboraci Archiepiscopo illud ad tempus relaxaverat. Quod omnino, vestra, si placet, auctoritate suffulti, ut amplius sic remaneat, non concedimus. Nunc igitur, si ad id nobis nostræque Ecclesiæ reparandum vestrum adjutorium sperare debemus, quod humillimis votis desideramus et petimus, secreto nobis certitudinem dignis vestris apicibus remandare curate. Valete. Valete. [ed. Selden, p. 117; W., I. 393.]

The value of such historical statements, probably put into the mouth of the King by a clerical scribe, may be tested by this assertion; which, it need hardly be said, is literally and wholly the reverse of the facts; and, further, the very reverse of Alexander's own

statements to Eadmer five years afterwards. According to Simeon, Turgot died "II. kal. Aprilis." But this was a Wednesday in A.D. 1115; the "II. kal. Sept." was a Tuesday; and Simeon himself specifies that Turgot died "feria tertia." See Wharton, Ang. Sac. I. 786.

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[CALIXTUS II. TO THE SCOTTISH BISHOPS.]

A.D. 1119. Nov. 20. Beauvais. Pope Calixtus II. to the Scottish Bishops,

Go to your metropolitan for consecration,

York.

per

suffragans of York.

CALIXTUS EPISCOPUS, SERVUS SERVORUM DEI, universis Scotiam Episcopis [Ebor.] Ecclesiæ suffraganeis, salutem viz. to Thurstin et Apostolicam benedictionem. Gravis quædam et periArchbishop of culosa in vestris partibus dicitur vigere præsumptio,— ut, videlicet, metropolitano et aliis coepiscopis inconsultis, alter ab altero in Episcopum consecretur. De qua nimirum præsumptione quid magna synodus In cena [leg. Nicena] diffinierit, ex quarto ejus capitulo diligenter attendite. Ait enim, Episcopum convenit maxime quidem ab omnibus qui sunt Episcopis ordinari; si autem hoc difficile fuerit aut propter instantem necessitatem aut propter itineris longitudinem, tribus tamen omnimodis in id ipsum convenientibus, absentibus quoque pari modo decernentibus et per scripta consentientibus, tunc ordinatio celebretur. Firmitas autem eorum quæ geruntur per unamquamque provinciam, metropolitano tribuatur Episcopo. Et infra, capitulo sexto, illud generaliter clarum est, quod si quis [contra] metropolitani sententiam fuerit factus Episcopus, hunc magna synodus definivit Episcopum esse non oportere. Et Laodi[c]ensis concilii capitulo,—[Metropolitani sententia], et eorum Episcoporum qui circumcirca sunt, provehantur ad ecclesiasticam potestatem. Item in secundi Cartaginensis Concilii capitulo XXXVIII.,-Forma antiqua servabitur, ut non minus quam tres sufficiant, qui fuerint a metropolitano destinati ad Episcopum ordinandum. Item Anicius papa, universis Episcopis Galliarum scribens, dicit, Comprovinciales Episcopi, si necesse fuerit, a tribus jussu Archiepiscopi consecrari possunt. Et Innocentius, Victorio Roth[om]agensi Episcopo,-Extra conscientiam metropolitani Episcopi nullus ordinare præsumat Episcopum, ne furtivum beneficium præstitum videatur. Apostolica igitur auctoritate præcipimus, ut nullus deinceps in Ecclesiis vestris in Episcopum nisi a metropolitano vestro Ebor. Archiepiscopo aut ejus licentia consecretur. Porro fraternitati vestræ præcipiendo mandamus, ut venerabili fratri nostro Turstino per Dei gratiam tanquam beati Petri manibus in Eboracensem Archiepiscopum consecrato, omni occasione seposita, canonicam obedientiam deferatis; sicut temporibus Gerardi ejusdem Ecclesiæ Archiepiscopi a domino prædecessore sanctæ memoriæ Paschale Papa mandatum est. Obedientes vos monitis nostris misericordia Divina custodiat, et ad

[CALIXTUS II. TO THE BISHOPS OF DURHAM, ORKNEYS, GLASGOW, AND SCOTLAND.]

vitam perducat æternam.

[Reg. Alb. Ebor., 1. 50 b.]a

Data Belvaci XII. Kalendas Decembris.

■ Thurstin was consecrated to York by Pope Calixtus at Rheims Oct. 19, A.D. 1119.

A.D. 1119. Nov. 20. Beauvais. Calixtus II. to the Bishops of Durham, the Orkneys, Glasgow, and Scotland, suffragans of York.

York as your

Obey Thurstin CALIXTUS EPISCOPUS SERVUS SERVORUM DEI, venerabiArchbishop of libus fratribus, R[adulfo] Dunelmensi, R[adulfo] Orcadensi, metropolitan. Johanni] Glesguensi, et universis per Scotiam Episcopis, Eboracensis Ecclesie suffraganeis, salutem et Apostolicam benedictionem. Ad hoc, disponente Deo, sedis Apostolice cura nobis commissa est, ut Ecclesiarum omnium sollicitudinem gerere debeamus. Eapropter Divine destinationi uestre metropolis Eborac. Ecclesie paterna benignitate compassi sumus; et venientem ad nos venerabilem fratrem Turstinum] ipsius electum benigne suscepimus; atque in Archiepiscopum, cooperante Domino, consecra[ui]mus. Pallei quoque insigne, pontificalis videlicet officii plenitudinem, secundum consuetudinem Apostolice sedis ei concessimus. Non enim fratribus nostris rationabile visum est, ut pro illa confratris nostri R[adulfi] Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi querimonia vacare diucius Eboracensis debeat Ecclesia; precipue cum frater idem frequenter ab Apostolica sede commonitus nullam ei in causa hac voluerit reverentiam exhibere. Vestre igitur fraternitati presentium litterarum auctoritate precipimus, ut predictum fratrem nostrum T[urstinum] tanquam metropolitanum vestrum diligere et honorare attentius procuretis; eique in posterum, omni occasione seposita, debitam obedientiam et reuerentiam deferatis. Datæ Belvaci XII. kalend. Decembris. [Reg. Alb. Ebor., P. I. fol. 51; and in Dugd. Mon., VI. 1187, no. lv.]

A.D. 1119. Ralph Archbishop of Canterbury to Pope Calixtus II.a

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subjected by

(Extracts.)

Bishops of all **** Interea post decessionem Paulini provincia the "Britains Northanhimbrorum religione fluctuabat et fide. Quocirca, Pope Gregory rogatu Deo-dilecti Regis Oswaldi, Scotorum Episcopi beatæ to Augustin. memoriæ Aidanum consecratum antistitem in Angliam transmiserunt, qui primus in Lindisfarnensi insula sedem Episcopalem accepit; tempore vero sequenti, mutatis rebus, qui tunc Episcopus Lindisfarnensis, nunc dicitur et est Dunelmensis. Post quem itidem Scoti usque ad quatuor viritim Episcopos ad eandem insulam direxerunt. De

VOL. II.

[RALPH OF CANTERBURY TO POPE CALIXTUS II.] quibus Scotis prætereundum non est, quia juxta decretum beati patris Gregorii suffraganei erant Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi. In illa namque sæpedicta epistola", postquam de distinctione Lundoniensis et Eboracensis Episcopi, unde movetur tanta contentio, satis actum est, beatus Gregorius ad Augustinum ita subjungit dicens, "Tua vero fraternitas non solum eos Episcopos quos ordinaverit, neque hos tantummodo qui per Eborace Episcopum fuerint ordinati, sed etiam omnes Britanniæ sacerdotes, habeat, Deo Domino nostro Jesu Christo auctore, subjectos." Et idem in Responsionibus ad eundem ita, “In Galliarum Episcopis nullam tibi auctoritatem tribuimus, Britanniarum vero omnes Episcopos tuæ fraternitati committimus, ut indocti doceantur, infirmi persuasione roborentur, perversi auctoritate corrigantur." Britannias siquidem pluraliter appellat, propter diversas ejusdem insulæ provincias et linguarum divisiones. Beda namque, cum Britanniæ qualitatem describeretd, "Hæc," inquit, "insula in præsenti, juxta numerum librorum quibus Lex Divina scripta est, quinque gentium linguis unam eandemque summæ veritatis et veræ sublimitatis scientiam scrutatur et confitetur, Anglorum videlicet, Britonum, Scotorum, Pictorum, et Latinorum, quæ meditatione Scripturarum cæteris omnibus est facta communis." Idem in tertio ejusdem Historiæ libro, "Denique," inquit, "omnes nationes et provincias Britanniæ, quæ in quatuor linguas, id est, Britonum, Pictorum, Scotorum, et Anglorum, divisæ sunt, in ditionem Oswaldus accepit." Et sæpenumero idem in eodem volumine evidenter distinguit inter Scotos qui Britanniam, et illos qui incolunt Hiberniam. Episcopos igitur Scotia beatus Gregorius suffraganeos deputavit Cantuariensis Ecclesiæ: illos sane duntaxat illa Apostolicæ sedis auctoritate decernens, qui ante beati Augustini adventum in Angliam et olim conversis Britonibus et Scotis instituebantur antistites; de quibus, ut ibi legitur, plurimis Augustinus in exordio Episcopatus sui convocavit ad colloquium suum, fraterna admonitione suadens, &c. &c. *** Et de Laurentio successore Augustini Beda ita subsequitur dicens f, "Denique," inquit, cc non solum novæ quæ de Anglis erat collecta Ecclesiæ curam gerebat, sed et veterum Britanniæ incolarum, necnon et Scotorum qui Hiberniam insulam Britanniæ proximam incólunt, populis pastoralem impendere solicitudinem curabat." Quam videlicet pastoralis curæ solicitudinem nunquam postea Cantuariensis Ecclesia tam universæ Britanniæ quam Hiberniæ beneficio simul et primatu impendere cessavit; nisi modo, quando a novis et omnium veterum acutissimis

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