[ARCHBISHOPRIC OF DOL.] Tréguier from subjection to Dol; urged Godfrey Count of Brittany to suffer his Bishops to obey Tours (Morice, I. 591-595; Mart., III. 887, 890); and generally undertook to defend Tours (Maan, Eccl. Turon. 252). And Eugenius III., Jan. 3, A.D. 1147, issued a like Bull to that of his predecessor (Morice, I. 598; Mart., III. 892). The council of Rheims, A.D. 1148, March 20, excommunicated Dol and Brieuc for not obeying Tours; the great S. Bernard, at Pope Eugenius' request, effected a compromise between Tours and Dol, of which however the terms are not specified; Eugenius himself, writing to Hugh Archbishop of Tours and his chapter, A.D. 1149, took the Tours side, but withheld the actual sentence of excommunication; and Pope Anastasius IV., A.D. 1154, writing to the clergy, barons, and people of Dol, and (twice) to Engelbaud Archbishop of Tours, again took the Tours side, yet allowed Hugh of Dol to be an Archbishop and to have a pall, and urged S. Bernard's compromise (Morice, I. 599, 620; Mart., III. 812, 894, 896, 897). v. In A.D. 1155-1160, Dol was again in the ascendant: Adrian IV. in the first-named year, May 21, abrogated S. Bernard's compact and gave a pall to Dol; desiring the Archbishop of Tours, Dec. 20, to be reunited to Dol, and the clergy and people of "the province" of Dol to submit to Dol, and in especial, A.D. 1156 x 1158, the Bishops of Brieuc and Tréguier; and A.D. 1155, Geoffrey son of Oliver, and A.D. 1156 × 1158, “E. Count of Léon," to help Dol, and the clergy and people of a particular parish ("de Murmicellio") to submit to Dol; and A.D. 1155, May 21, the Archbishop, Archdeacons, and Dean of Rouen, to give up his own churches to Hugh of Dol (Morice, I. 625–628; Mart., III. 898-902). And in A.D. 1160, March 3, Alexander III. still commended Dol to the barons and people of that see (Morice, I. 640; Mart., III. 903). vi. But A.D. 1161-1199, the case turned finally against Dol. Pope Alexander III., July 12, A.D. 1161, desired the Dean and Chapter of Dol to send their newly elected Bishop to Tours to be consecrated. And the question being revived by the Archbishop of Tours at the council of Avranches, A.D. 1172 (Hoveden), appears to have been again pressed at the court of Rome. Alexander III., Dec. 18, A.D. 1179, and again May 12, A.D. 1180, writes to Bartholomew Archbishop of Tours to come to Rome on the subject, and to "the King of the French" (probably in A.D. 1179) to strive to reconcile the two, but to help Dol to have the case tried; and in A.D. 1179 or 1180, issues a commission to the Archbishop of Sens, the Bishop of Bayeux, the abbat of S. Genéviéve, and the Dean of Bayeux, to collect evidence (Morice, I. 645, 673, 674; Mart., III. 903–906). Lucius III., Aug. 18, A.D. 1184 or 1185, renews that commission to the Dean of Mans, the Archdeacon of Rouen, and Master Hugo Januensis (Morice, I. [ARCHBISHOPRIC OF DOL.] 690; Mart., III. 910). Urban III., A.D. 1186 or 1187, urges a friendly agreement with Dol upon Bartholomew of Tours (Mart., III. 911). But A.D. 1199, Innocent III., after a full statement of the case on both sides (Testimonies on behalf of Tours against Dol, and on behalf of Dol against Tours, Petition of Church of Dol, with the succession of their Bishops, Reply of Tours to that Petition, Morice, I. 735-759), gave final sentence in favour of Tours (ib. 759-767), writing to the Archbishop and Chapter of Tours and to the Duchess and Barons of Brittany to announce and enforce his sentence (ib. 767, 768). And accordingly, c. A.D. 1200, Jean de Lizannet, consecrated to Dol by Bartholomew of Tours, professes obedience to that see. So ended a suit, that had been prolonged in the Papal court just 350 years. a The history of the later Bréton Church and that of the Welsh Church of the same period, present, beside the parallel histories of their (alike ineffectual) struggles for an independent national Church, some other curious resemblances, which however the scope of the present work only allows us to indicate. i. Northman invasion threw the Bréton Church, as well as the South Welsh, upon Anglo-Saxon protection, as early as Ethelwulf, A.D. 835-857; and King Alfred, who patronized Armorican monasteries, c. A.D. 888, as he did S. David's (Asser, De Reb. Gestis Alfredi, M. H. B. 486, 496); and Eadward, A.D. 901-925. And Athelstan, A.D. 925, gave refuge to Duke Alan of Brittany (Chron. Namnet. ap. Bouquet, VII. 276). The Epist. Radbod. Episc. Dol. (in W. Malm., G. P. V.; Gale, III. 364) is quoted by Lingard, as shewing that even then, in Athelstan's reign, the Brétons regarded themselves as Britons" In exulatu atque in captivitate in Francia commoramur."-ii. The same cause produced also, in A.D. 878, not one, but a whole series, of Translations," like the wanderings of S. Cuthbert; of which Le Grand (Vies des Saints de la Brét., p. 244, 3rd edit.) gives a list, including every Saint of any note in the country, their relics being transported to Paris, Angers, Poitiers, Chartres, Bourges, Marmoustier, etc., and not in all cases restored when the troubles were over.iii. Marriage of priests continued in Brittany, as in Wales, owing probably to their comparative isolation, longer than elsewhere (see Courson, II. 163, 164). And benefices became hereditary, also, in the one country as in the other: see Hildebert, Epist. (Opp., pp. 135, 136), who affirms that the practice was abolished in a council A.D. 1127 (see also Girald. Cambr., Opp., III. 130).— iv. Imputations of incestuous marriages were cast upon the Brétons as upon the Welsh and the Scots see Gregory VII.'s letter to the Bréton Bishops and Abbats of Aug. 28, A.D. 1074. b Apparent exceptions either belong to the pre-Frank period, or are mere conjectures, or are explicable by peculiar circumstances. Mansuetus A.D. 461, Corentin (if indeed he was the same with "Cariatonus") at Angers in A.D. 453, Modestus of Vannes, and Venerandus, conjecturally of Quimper, by his vicar, at the council of Tours A.D. 461, and Albinus, also conjecturally of Quimper, at the council of Vannes A.D. 465, and S. Paternus, consecrated by the Archbishop of Tours in A.D. 465, come under the first head of the three. And Litharedus "Episcopus Oxomensis," at the council of Orleans, A.D. 511, who has been guessed to have been Bishop of Quimper (the one Osismian see prior to the erection of that of Léon), and S. Paul of Léon itself in A.D. 512, who was consecrated irrespectively of Tours but by Frank authority, belong also to a time when the national estrangement could hardly as yet have become intense, and when also Frank power had reached a point in Brittany from which it almost immediately receded. After this, there occurs only the one case of S. Samson, at the council of Paris A.D. 557, but without any see named. But Samson, according to his Legend, was then in refuge at the Frank court with the young fugitive Count Judwal; had been made a Bishop in Wales before he came to Brittany; and almost certainly was not only not Bishop of Dol, but there was no see of Dol at all at that time; and, lastly, the meeting at Paris was not a regular council. Paternus, at the same Council, himself apparently a Bréton, was Bishop of Avranches. It is a mere conjecture, that Cadoenus, at Rheims A.D. 682, was Bishop of Aleth. The claim made long after, of a pall granted by the Pope, Severinus, to Restoaldus Bishop of Dol, A.D. 638 x 640, is manifestly founded on fiction. And S. Samson's pall is also an obvious fiction of the 12th century. APPENDIX D. INSCRIBED AND OTHER CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF EARLY BRITTANY. I. Of inscribed Christian monuments anterior to the 8th century in Brittany, only two are mentioned by Le Blanta: scil.,— 1. (Fifth or sixth century) at Lomarec, on the coast near Quimper, on a granite coffin in the chapel there,— IRHAEMAINRI translated by Villemarqué into, "Illius cujus et Jesus Christus in Regem," and assigned by him to the period above mentioned (Le Blant, II. 559). 2. (Eighth century) at Basse Indre near Nantes, near S. Hermeland's abbey of Aindre (founded A.D. 695), on an unwrought slab,— S.. RE.... S hIC REVIS<VIT Under the inscription, a cross surmounting a globe, and at the sides two badly sculptured animals (Id., ib. 558). The Count de Keranflec'h (in Arch. Camb., 3rd Ser., III. 368, IX. 319, 323, 329, 368) adds to these, 3. That at S. Trefine, still illegible, mentioned below in note b, which he refers to the sixth century. 4. At Plouagat Chatelaudren, Departm. Côtes du Nord, of early date, with the inscription,— VORMVINI. 5. At Crac'h, Departm. Morbihan, ninth century, a cross incised on a CRAX HAR EN BILIIB FIL[IVS] (=The cross of Bili son of Hal or Gal). VOL. II. H [INSCRIBED AND OTHER CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF BRITTANY.] 7. At Locoal Meudon, Departm. Morbihan, but probably not earlier than the twelfth century, a cross incised on a pillar, with the inscription, CROVX Besides this, etc., of which II. Of uninscribed Christian monuments the most noticeable is a tomb of S. Nonne, in a chapel of S. Divy [ = Dewi = David] at Divinon near Brest, with the chief events of S. David's legend sculptured on its sides, but of late date (Arch. Cambr., 3rd Series, III. 249, 377 sq.). crosses were erected on almost all the heathen "menhirs," some, mentioned by M. de Freminville, are noted below d. And similar crosses abound in Brittany, mostly resembling Greek crosses, and with a slender shaft, like those in Cornwall which Blight calls Transition Crosses (Arch. Camb,, 3rd Ser., III. 369 sq.). Inscriptions Chrétiennes de la Gaule antérieures au VIII.ême Siècle, réunies et annotées, par E. de Blant, Paris, 1856, 1865. b M. de Freminville (Antiquités du Finisterre, Morbihan, etc. etc., Brest, 1834-7) mentions also the obelisk and tomb of S. Tromeur (A.D. 500 x 550) at S. Trefine near Corlay, with two words unintelligible (IV. 342); another, near Kersaint, Plubennec, with an inscription also unintelligible (II. 250); an inscribed cross once existing at Plouzané, and a chalice at Landevenech with an inscription, which have both now disappeared and an inscription, certainly of Roman date but questionably Christian, which existed as late as A.D. 1709 at Corseul near Aleth (IV. 272). But all these need sifting and careful examination to ascertain their real dates. The Corseul inscription is said to have run thus: D+M+S A Bréton "mystery" also exists, about S. Nonna and her son S. Devy, dating before the 12th century (Arch. Cambr., as above, 377 sq.). d E. g. in Morbihan, near Carnac, a cross on a "dolmen" (III. 40); Côtes du Nord, near Lannion, at Ploemeur, Christian symbols on a "menhir" (IV. 26); same department, near Faimpol, two very ancient crosses (ib. 130, 131). De Freminville also mentions an inscription, at Plougneu in Finisterre, resem bling that to Bishop Avanus in Wales, and, like his, much later in date than the Bishop himself," D. Jauva Epus Leons fuit hic sepultus:"-and also tombs once existing at Landevenech, but of late date, to Count Gradlon and to Winwaloë; and one to S. Ronan at Loc-Ronan, also very late (II. 35, 41, 59). For bells of old date in Brittany, resembling those of Wales, of Ireland, and of Scotland, see Arch. Camb., 3rd. Ser., II. 315 sq. VI. II. SEE OF BRETOÑA IN GALLICIA, APPARENTLY BRITISH. A.D. 569-830. [A.D. 569. "Britones," and a see of Bretoña, in Gallicia, first mentioned. A.D. 633. Tonsure seemingly British in the same district. A.D. 830. The place destroyed by the Moors, and the see apparently merged for a time in that of either Oviedo or Mondeñedo.] A.D. 569. COUNCIL OF LUGO a.-Ad sedem Britoniorum (pertinent) Ecclesiæ quæ sunt intra Britones, una cum monasterio Maximi, et quæ in Asturiis sunt. [Catalan., Conc. Hisp. III. 188.] A.D. 572. COUNCIL OF BRAGA II.-[Last of twelve signatures, of Martin Archbishop of Braga and his suffragans, of which the last six are headed, "Item ex Synodo Lucensi,”] Mailoc, Britonensis a Ecclesiæ Episcopus, his gestis subscripsi. [Catal., ib. 206 b.] a Aliter, Britonorum. b Can. IX. of this council directs the metropolitan to announce the right Easter Day to each Bishop, annually, in sufficient time to be proclaimed in each church on the preceding Christmas Day after the reading of the Gospel. Greg. Tur. (V. 17, X. 23) records a differing observation of Easter in A.D. 577 66 between Spain and Gaul, and again a dubietas Pascha" A.D. 590; see above, p. 77. This canon therefore is not a necessary proof of Briton influence in Gallicia, although it agrees with the supposition. Indeed the wonder is, how at that time a unanimous Easter was obtainable at all. A.D. 633. COUNCIL OF TOLEDO IV., can. xli."—De Qualitate Tonsura a cunctis clericis vel lectoribus communiter habenda.-Omnes clerici vel lectores, sicut Levitæ et sacerdotes, detonso superius toto capite, inferius solam circuli coronam relinquant: non, sicut hucusque in |