annually and to deal with the antiquities of the portion of Virginia comprising the present counties of Norfolk and Princess Anne and the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, - a region which from 1637 to 1691 was called Lower Norfolk County. As the editor and proprietor issues the serial "exclusively for his own pleasure," says the introduction, "there will be no notes and no queries no questions asked and none answered." A few copies will be for sale with Messrs. J. W. Randolph and Co., Richmond. The first number contains lists of owners of land and slaves in Princess Anne County in 1771, 1772, 1773, and 1774, and of owners and employers of slaves in 1860, documents relating to witchcraft, to an election of vestrymen in 1761, and to the opposition of the Norfolk aldermen of 1799 to the Virginia Resolutions.

Mr. J. J. Casey, of 26 East 129th Street, New York, has printed and offers for sale an index to the personal names in the volumes of Hening's Statutes at Large of Virginia and of Shepherd's continuation of Hening.

The State Records of North Carolina, 1776–1790, are now being compiled under the editorship of Judge Walter Clark, of the Supreme Court, and are partly printed. They will comprise four or five volumes exclusive of the index, which will cover both the Colonial and the State Records.

Mr. William Beer, librarian of the Howard Memorial Library at New Orleans, is preparing a careful historical bibliography of Louisiana from materials collected in the libraries of America and Europe. The bibliography will be classified, the books in each class being arranged by authors in alphabetical order; there will also be an author-index.

The forthcoming year-book of the Kentucky Society of Sons of the American Revolution will contain the roll of Revolutionary pensioners in Kentucky; the roll of officers and soldiers of Virginia to whom land grants were made in Kentucky; the roster of the Virginia navy, and the roster of the regiment of George Rogers Clark.

The Secretary of State of Michigan has recently reprinted the journals of the Michigan Convention of 1836, and those of certain extra and special sessions of the Legislative Council of 1834 and 1835. A unique and invaluable collection of pamphlet and other materials for Michigan history, formed by O. A. Jenison, has been purchased by the state library.

The Draper Manuscripts, covering the history of the trans-Alleghany country from about 1740 to 1816, have finally been classified and bound, under the direction of Secretary Thwaites, of the Wisconsin Historical Society at Madison, and are now open to the inspection of scholars, under certain restrictions necessary to a proper administration of the trust. They number 390 large folio volumes, and comprise such treasures as the papers of Daniel Boone, George Rogers and William Clark, Daniel Brady, Simon Kenton, General Sumter, Joseph Brant, and Louis Wetzel, besides abundant material on the several Western Indian campaigns of the eighteenth century. Secretary Thwaites is editing Vol. 13 of the Wisconsin Historical

Collection, which he hopes to have off the press before the close of the year, and is actively preparing his Life of George Rogers Clark. The Society's library has lately had rich acquisitions for the original study of English history. Plans for the Society's new library, which is to be erected in the neighborhood of the State University, have been secured, and work on the building is to commence early next spring. It is intended to erect a noble structure, at a cost of about $350,000, and ultimately the State University library will be taken in under the same roof and be in the general charge of the Society. The Society has printed an admirable treatise on the Free Soil Party in Wisconsin, by Theodore C. Smith, a model essay of the kind.

The Historical Department of Iowa has issued its first biennial report, made to the trustees of the State Library by Mr. Charles Aldrich, curator (Des Moines; 122 pp.). It gives an account of the establishment of the Department in 1892, and a catalogue of the collection of autographs, newspapers, pamphlets, and other materials for Iowa history since gathered. The nucleus of the collection was a donation by Mr. and Mrs. Aldrich. The last issue (Vol. I, No. 8) of the Annals of Iowa published by the Department contains articles on Hiram Price, on Fort Armstrong, on the Des Moines River Land Grant, and on the southern boundary line of Iowa and the "border war" between that state and Missouri; also, four letters (1807) of Governor William Clark the explorer and Nathaniel Pryor.

The Canadian government has issued the Report on Canadian Archives for 1894, by Douglas Brymner, LL.D., Archivist of the Dominion, continuing a record of extraordinary and fruitful activity. Dr. Brymner reports. the receipt from London of transcripts of state papers relating to Upper and Lower Canada down to 1832, and of an instalment of papers from Paris. The work of transcription of documents relating to the other provinces was begun in 1892. Calendars for all these provinces are ready for the printer. The present report consists chiefly of the calendar of Nova Scotia papers, 1603-1801, including, down to the dates of disjunction, papers relating to Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Cape Breton. The papers, gathered from the Public Record Office, the British Museum, the Colonial Office, and Lambeth Palace, contain, besides the most abundant information respecting the history of Nova Scotia, material for the history of the colonial wars, of the emigrant Loyalists, of the separatist movement of the Nantucket Quakers (1785), of Sierra Leone, and of the Duke of Kent.

Preparations are getting under way in Canada to celebrate the fourhundredth anniversary of the discovery of North America by John Cabot in 1497. An extensive programme has been outlined. It is proposed to hold an International Historical Exhibition at Toronto in 1897 and to bring together interesting relics, records, and illustrations of social progress during the last four hundred years. The Exhibition Committee has the Earl of Aberdeen, the Governor-General of Canada, as honorary president. The Duke of York will possibly open it and the British Association will meet at Toronto in 1897.

No. 5 in the Publications of the Michigan Political Science Association (July, 1895) is entitled British Rule in Central America, or, a Sketch of Mosquito History, by Ira D. Travis, Ph.M. Its account of events since 1880 seems to be based entirely on Sen. Ex. Doc. 20 of the last session of Congress, the book of 207 pages in which was transmitted the correspondence relating to affairs at Bluefields. The sentiment of Mr. Travis' pamphlet is anti-British.

The Hakluyt Society is soon to bring out a translation of the journal of Pedro Sarmiento kept during his voyage to the Straits of Magellan in 1579-1580, with accompanying documents, edited by Mr. C. R. Markham.

Noteworthy articles in periodicals (Period before 1607): Ed. Seler, Ueber den Ursprung der altamerikanischen Kulturen (Preussische Jahrbücher, March); and see Häbler, under Spain and Portugal. In the Revue Critique d'Histoire et de Littérature, 1895, No. 12, is a vehement anonymous criticism of Fernandez Duro's Pro Academia Hispaniensi, in which Captain Duro attempted to defend the Royal Academy of History from the attacks of M. Henry Harrisse. B.-A.-V., Sébastien Cabot, navigateur vénitien (Revue de Géographie, January to March); Levasseur, Christoph Colomb, d'après la "Raccoltà di documenti e studi" publiée par la "Commissione Colombiana" (ibid.); La Marine au temps de Colomb, d'après M. d'Albertis (ibid., March, April); Georlette, Améric Vespuce dans l'Histoire et dans la Légende (Bulletin de la Société Royale de Géographie d'Anvers, XIX, 1).

(Colonial): John Fiske, John Smith in Virginia (Atlantic Monthly, September); various Virginian inedita, 1638-1691, in Virginia Magazine of History, July; E. R. A. Seligman, The Income Tax in the American Colonies and States (Political Science Quarterly, June); J. S. Bassett, Landholding in Colonial North Carolina (Law Quarterly Review, April);

(Revolutionary, 1789): V. Coffin, The Quebec Act and the Ameri can Revolution (Yale Review, August); W. C. Morey, Sources of American Federalism (Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, September); H. Friedenwald, The Continental Congress (Pennsylvania Magazine of History, July); P. L. Ford, The Adoption of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 (Political Science Quarterly, September); id., Pinckney's Draft of a Constitution (Nation, June 13);

(Period from 1789 to 1861): P. L. Ford, The Authorship of Giles' Resolutions (Nation, September 5); A. C. McLaughlin, The Western Posts and the British Debts (Yale Review, May); F. A. Walker, The Growth of American Nationality (Forum, June); W. Wilson, The Proper Perspective of American History (Forum, July); J. Schouler, President Polk's Diary (Atlantic Monthly, August); id., President Polk's Administration (ibid., September);

(Period since 1861): E. B. Andrews, History of the last QuarterCentury in the United States (Scribner's Magazine, - October); J. D. Cox, How Judge Hoar ceased to be Attorney-General (Atlantic Monthly, August).

The

American Historical Review

FERRAND MARTINEZ AND THE MASSACRES

THE

OF 1391

HE terrible massacres of the Jews, in 1391, form a turningpoint in Spanish history. They mark the end of the ages of toleration, during which the Peninsula afforded a refuge to the unfortunate children of Israel, and the commencement of the fierce spirit of persecution which rendered the Inquisition inevitable, which expelled the Jews and Moors, and which, by insisting on absolute uniformity of belief, condemned Spain to the material and intellectual lethargy that marked its period of decadence. The popular temper which rendered the massacres possible had been in course of development for a generation, but the outbreak was the work of one man, Ferrand Martinez, Archdeacon of Ecija, who. presents himself to us as the ideal example of the medieval zealot. The document, hitherto inedited, appended to this paper throws some light on the movements preliminary to the massacres and on the unbending resolution of the man to accomplish what he regarded as his duty to God.1

In spite of the canon law which condemns the Jews to perpetual servitude in punishment for the Crucifixion, and in spite of the repeated urgency of the Holy See, Spain, up to the fourteenth century, had consistently treated them with a reasonable degree of equity. They were not popular favorites, however, for their keen intelligence and business capacity had enabled them to control the finances of the land, both public and private, and the occupations of farmers of the revenue, tax-collectors, and money-lenders, which

1 Amador de los Rios, in his monumental Historia de los Judios de España, has printed several papers relating to these events, but the present one apparently escaped his researches, as it shows that some of the minor details in his narrative are incorrect.

were almost exclusively in their hands, were not calculated to ingratiate them with the people, while the ostentation with which their wealth was displayed was provocative of ill-feeling. There was, therefore, a certain amount of latent popular prejudice, which was capable of being aroused to activity, and to this task the Church of Spain addressed itself. The general council of Vienne, in 1311-1312, although it did not add to the numerous oppressive canons directed against the Jews, took occasion to reprehend in the strongest manner the freedom of worship allowed in Spain to the Moors, and it sharpened the decrees against usury. The Spanish prelates at the council, in their intercourse with their brethren from other lands, doubtless had full opportunity of learning what was thought of Spanish tolerance towards both Moors and Jews, and they seem to have returned home fully inspired with the proscriptive spirit, for the provincial councils subsequently held throughout Spain eagerly endeavored to separate the races and to destroy the kindly intercourse and neighborliness which had existed from time immemorial.2 Undoubtedly these efforts. must have stimulated prejudice and sharpened antagonism, but they were barren of visible results, for the Jews were too useful to the ruling classes to lack protectors. Not only were they indispensable to the royal finances, but the heavy taxation levied upon them formed a notable and most reliable portion of the revenues of the crown and of the nobles, the churches and the municipalities.

Pedro the Cruel was a friend of the Jews, and it is a sign of their growing unpopularity that his rebellious bastard brother, Henry of Trastamara, found his account in persecuting them. When, in 1355, Henry and his brother, the Master of Santiago, entered Toledo to liberate Queen Blanche of Bourbon, confined in the alcazar, they sacked the smaller Judería and slew its twelve hundred inhabitants, without sparing age or sex; they also besieged the principal Judería, which was defended by Pedro's friends until his arrival with reinforcements compelled the assailants to withdraw. Five years later, when, in 1360, Henry invaded Castile with the aid of Pedro IV. of Aragon, on reaching Najara he ordered a massacre of the Jews, and, as Ayala states that this was done to win popularity, it may be assumed that he granted free license to plunder. When at length, in 1366, Henry led into

1 Clementin. Lib. V. Tit. ii., v.

2 Concil. Zamorense, ann. 1313 (Amador, II. 561-5); C. Vallisoleti, ann. 1322, cap. xxii. (Aguirre, Con. Hispan., V. 250); C. Leridens., ann. 1325 (Villanueva, Viage Literario, XVIII. 247); C. Tarraconense, ann. 1329 (Aguirre, VI. 370); C. Salmanticens., ann. 1335, cap. xii. (Aguirre, V. 269); C. Dertusan., ann. 1429, cap. xx. (Aguirre, V. 340).