Block System Modeling by Discontinuous Deformation Analysis

adri backward analysis backward model block deformation block displacement block system boundary condition C4i C5i C6i Chapter coefficient matrix computed concave angle connection graph contact springs convex angle curved blocks curved lines deformed blocks deleted discontinuous deformation analysis displacement functions displacement vectors edge equation 3.7 equilibrium equations ədriədsi finite element analysis finite element method fixed points formula forward analysis forward and backward forward model friction angle global equation 1.17 graph method initial stresses input data intersection point kinematics line segments material constants matrix Qo maximum displacement measured displacements mesh minimize movement and deformation node non-zero elements point loading point P₁ potential energy primary loop principal stresses reference line rock block selected points shows the deformed simultaneous equations squared differences step stiff spring stiffness of contact strain energy submatrix F symmetric triangle triangular decomposition tunnel undeformed V₁ x 6 submatrix zero Уз