society. People who are independent under one economic system may become dependent by a change of system. The poor of today are not, therefore, the successors of the poor of yesterday. The care for the poor is not the important question. More important is the question as to the preservation of economically worthless elements and as to giving the proper reward to all elements valuable to society.-Prof. Dr. Chr. J. Klumber, Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft, Socialpolitik und Verwaltung, 1910, Hefte I und II. D. I. P. Ueber Kinderschutz und Volksvermehrung.-As a part of the general problem of health, the attention of the time is turned to the well-being of children, especially of nurslings. Earlier neglect was partly caused by fear of overpopulation. The demand for greater population has arisen and this causes more attention to be given to children. It is believed that all healthy-born children can be saved. One-fourth of all deaths in Europe are among children under one year old; 18 per cent of all born die under this age. The wealth and culture of a nation or class do not decide its child-mortality. Rather it is the value set upon the child by the people and social habits to maintain this value. Sweden is poor, yet it has the lowest child-mortality. Children are valued and are nursed by mothers. Homeless children are well provided for. The loss of those under one year is less than 10 per cent. In the German provinces of Bohemia children are not valued, and not nursed by mothers. Here is the highest childmortality in Europe.-Dr. Alois Epstein, Zeitschrife für Volkswirtschaft, Socialpolitik und Verwaltung, 1910, Heft I und II. D. I. P. Die Mutterschaftversicherung in Deutschland und Oesterreich. -In Austria the state pays wages to the working mother four weeks after the birth of a child. In Germany a smaller amount is paid for a longer time. In both countries there is need of aid to domestic women as well as working women. There are unions in both countries for the purpose of improving the condition of mothers. At present the governments will not carry out the ideas advocated by the unions. But they are creating favorable sentiment. In Karlsruhe a Mutterschaft-Kasse was formed and is supported by contributions of single and married women who must belong a year before receiving benefits. The dues are 50 pfennig per month and membership is limited to those whose income is less than 3,000 marks per annum. Similar institutions may be established in other cities and these may finally institute state action.-Dr. Alfons Fischer, Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft, Socialpolitik und Verwaltung, 1910, Hefte I und II. D. I. P. Free Speech and the Injunction Order.—If any injunction issued by a judge must be obeyed, constitutional rights of the people may be wholly at the mercy of "those who desire to profit by injustice and tyranny." The doctrine that every citizen must yield obedience to every order of the court is vicious and where such an order trangresses human rights it is the duty of the citizen to resist. Samuel Gompers, Annals Amer. Acad., September, 1910. A. D. The Sociological Foundations of Law.-Law undoubtedly had its origin in custom, or social habit; it is established for the sake of effecting a higher degree of social control and of constraining individuals who vary from the standards which are recognized as necessary to carry on a collective life. The legal profession must thus be regarded as a social-service profession quite as much as teaching or the ministry. A proper understanding of law can only be obtained through the study of the social sciences, especially of sociology.-Charles A. Ellwood, The Green Bag, October, 1910. E. S. B. Changing Attitudes of the Courts toward Social Legislation. The court of a great industrial state has been led to change its position in a matter most important to social progress (referring to a recent decision of the Illinois Supreme Court regarding the ten-hour law for women). This change marks a tendency to recede from the extreme lengths to which the courts have gone in enforcing the principle of the sanctity of the individual right of free contract, and to give more just recognition to the limitations upon this right which considerations of public welfare permit.-Louis M. Greeley, Survey, September 3, 1910. E. S. B. The Methods of Eugenics.-Eugenics (good breeding) may be differentiated into positive, negative, and preventive eugenics. Positive eugenics rejects "mating by police" and all other methods involving the destruction of marriage, and accepts marriage, duly reformed by law and by public opinion (including divorce law reform). Negative eugenics scouts the permission of infant mortality, the lethal chamber, the production of abortion and other measures synonymous with murder, and accepts (1) sterilization of the unfit (a) by vasectomy, (b) by the Röntgen rays, and (2) segregation of the unfit. Preventive eugenics is enlisted in the protection of parenthood from alcoholism.-C. W. Saleeby, Sociological Review, October, 1910. E. S. B. Judicial Views of the Restriction of Women's Hours of Labor.-Two views have been formulated simultaneously-but they represent two stages in our industrial history. According to the first, the police power cannot be construed to cover the labor contract; with respect to the second, freedom of contract may be restricted under the police power, and this power may be so construed as to include not only the welfare of the community now living, but also the welfare of the community yet unborn. The latter view is distinctly an effort to reckon with the new conditions, such as the increasing tax upon the nervous resources of the working people, the increasing ability of the employer to fix the conditions of labor, and the important consequences of modern methods of work upon women because of their sex. The significance of the term, public welfare, must constantly expand as the complexity of modern industry continues to increase. Law must be not only a "conservative science," but a "progressive science" as well.-G. G. Groat, Political Science Quarterly, September, 1910. E. S. B. Philosophie et science. Social philosophy considers primary causes in the interaction of human nature and social groups. Social science considers the immediate and special causes within the same field. 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The State and English |