ing but of forcing any group to remain of less than the full stature of manhood and womanhood are set out. The study is of course the more significant because the facts in other northern cities are similar to those in New York. In Chicago, for example, there would be found the same high rent and segregated living, the same low birth-rate, high infant death-rate and child-neglect due to enforced work of mothers, the same neglected and seduced girlhood, the same limited opportunity for employment on the part of both men and women; the same extremes of culture and comfort, shut off, however, from much of the free enjoyment of the best fruits of civilization, at one end; the same poverty and struggle for honest living in crowded quarters, and the same elements of vice and crime at the other.

Undoubtedly in every northern city the Negro finds himself by his color, in spite of character, education, economic well-being, reduced to the stature of "half a man."

BOOK NOTICES

S. P. BRECKINRIDGE

The Man-made World, or Our Androcentric Culture. By CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN. New York: Charlton Co., 1911. Pp. 260. $1.00.

More is indicated about the book by the dedication than a reviewer could tell. It is as follows: "This book is dedicated with reverent love and gratitude to Lester F. Ward, sociologist and humanitarian, one of the world's great men ; a creative thinker to whose wide knowledge and power of vision we are indebted for a new grasp of the nature and processes of society, and to whom all women are especially bound in honor and gratitude for his Gynaecocentric Theory of Life, than which nothing so important to humanity has been advanced since the Theory of Evolution, and nothing so important to women has been given to the world."

....

The preface offers the further suggestions: "Those who wish to study the underlying facts on which this book is based are referred to Pure Sociology by Lester F. Ward, chap. xiv, in which the Androcentric Theory of Life is fairly defined and contrasted with the Gynaecocentric Theory. That this last is disputed by the majority of present-day biologists will not surprise anyone who reads it and who is familiar with the nature of the human mind. . . . . Assuming the Gynaecocentric Theory to be the true one-that the female is the race type, and the male, originally but a sex type, reaching a later equality with the female, and, in the human race, becoming her master for a considerable historic period-this book gives a series of studies of the effect upon our human development of this unprecedented dominance of the male, showing it to be by no means an unmixed good. . . . .

"This book grants to men, today, a high pre-eminence over women in human development, but shows this pre-eminence to be a distinction of humanity and not of sex, fully open to women if they use their human powers."

The titles of chapters are: I, "As to Humanness"; II, "The Man-made Family"; III, "Health and Beauty"; IV, "Men and Art"; V, "Masculine Literature"; VI, "Games and Sports"; VII, "Ethics and Religion"; VIII, “Education"; IX, "Society and Fashion"; X, "Law and Government"; XI, "Crime and Punishment"; XII, "Politics and Warfare"; XIII, "Industry and Economics"; XIV, "A Human World."

Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year Ended June 30, 1910. Vol. I. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910. Pp. viii+662. Without reflection on the National Bureau of Education in the past, one cannot suppress the feeling that at present it is renewing its youth. This report is not a mere collection of more or less dubiously valuable statistics. From first page to last it is vital with educational impulse, information, and inquiry. It treats the following main subjects: I, "Current Topics"; II, "Educational Legislation"; III, "Industrial Education in the United States"; IV, "Agricultural Education"; V, "Education in Porto Rico"; VI, "Education in the Philippines"; VII, "The Prussian System of Vocational Schools from 1884 to 1909"; VIII, "Education in Canada"; IX, "Current Events Pertaining to Education in the Latin-American Countries"; X, "Education in France"; XI, "Foreign Current Events"; XII, "Education in Central Europe"; XIII, "Education in England and Wales"; XIV, "Recent Educational Development in Scotland"; XV, "Education in Ireland"; XVI, "Reports on International Congresses by American Delegates"; XVII, "Educational Periodicals"; XVIII, "Educational Directory."

A History of the New England Fisheries, with Maps. By RAYMOND MCFARLAND. (Publications of the University of Pennsylvania.) New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1911. Pp. 457.

....

"There is no industry in America that antedates the fisheries. . . . . The fisheries of New England were of especial importance during the colonial period and still continue to be of greater economic importance than at any previous period of our history; yet the industry, with the exception of the whale fishery, has no literature that adequately sets forth its history and value. . . . . The present volume aims to show the development and importance of the New England fisheries from precolonial days to the present time."

Classification. (Library of Congress: Class H, Social Sciences.) Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910. Pp. 551. 65 cents.

It is an unsettled question whether eternal war is foreordained between science and libraries. Classification there must be, but in the case of every vital science it seems impossible to propose a classification of books which is not more or less in contradiction of relations which are obvious to every investigator. This schedule "Social Sciences" is thoroughly arbitrary from the standpoint of functional interpretation of the human processes, because by definition it puts general history and political science outside the group, thus leaving inside the group only a part of its actual members.

What Nature Is. An Outline of Scientific Naturalism. By CHARLES KENDALL FRANKLIN, author of "The Socialization of Humanity," and "The Future of the Human Race." Boston: Sherman, French & Co., 1911. Pp. 74. 75 cents.

The motive of the book is rendered in this form in the last chapter (p. 73): "While Scientific Naturalism causes the sublime hopes of tradition to vanish, yet it gives the race in their stead a life to be realized here on earth which transcends them in sublimity and utility a thousandfold in the conscious life of humanity guided by science and morality and motived by religion, a socialization in which all energy will be expended with perfect economy, the supreme law of ethics, realizing the highest possible development that the elements and energies are capable of on this earth."

Sozialismus, der Antichrist. (Bibliothek des Bundes der freien Gemeinden und Freidenker-Vereine von Nord-Amerika, No. 12.) Von ISADOR LADOFF, übersetzt von OTTO SOUBRON. Milwaukee, Wis.: Verlag des Bundesvororts, Room 52, Herold Building. Pp. 63. 15 cents.

Taking the encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII (May 15, 1891, and January 18, 1902) as the text, the pamphlet asserts that these documents represent not only the Roman Catholic church, but organized Christianity in general in opposition to the interests of labor. Socialism as Antichrist aims to overthrow the "swindle" Christianity.

Le conflict de la morale et de la sociologie. Par SIMON DEPLOIGE, Président de l'Institut Supérieur de Philosophié, Professeur de la Faculté de Droit à l'Université Catholique de Louvain. Paris: Félix, 1911. Pp. 424. This book should bear the title "The Views of Professor Deploige upon Professor Durkheim's Conception of the Basis of Morals." With due respect to both scholars, the opinions of the one are not identical with morality, nor those of the other with sociology. The generalization implied in the title is fallacious. The argument contained in the book is so peculiarly ad hominem that the discussion has very slight importance except as a "local issue."

Report to the Legislature of the State of Ohio on Employers' Liability. Part I. Columbus, Ohio: F. J. Heer, State Printer, 1911. Pp. cxvii+404. This part contains: "Report of the Commission"; "Prefatory Note to Investigator's Report"; "Investigator's Report"; "Conclusions of the Commission"; "Recommendations of the Employers' Liability Commission of Ohio"; "Employees' Compensation Codes," a brief résumé of legal questions involved; "Minority Report of the Employers' Liability Commission," and the minority bill.

L'école des hautes études sociales. 1900-1910. Paris: Félix Alcan, 1911. Pp. vi+190. Fr. 6.

An account of the origin, purposes, and work of the school during its first decade.

Englands Schatz durch den Aussenhandel, Thomas Mun. Nach der brigmalausgabe (1664) ins Deutsche übertragen von DR. RUDOLF BEACH. Pp. 211. Wien: F. Tempsky; Leipzig: G. Freytag, 1911.

The essay of 98 pages which forms the first part of this book contains a useful summary of the critical studies at present available with reference to the significance of Mun as an effect and as a cause in the history of economic theory and practice in England.

England's Foundation; Agriculture and the State. By J. SAXON MILLS, Barrister at Law, Inner Temple, Author of "Landmarks of British Fiscal History." With a preface by THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF DENBIGH. London: P. S. King & Son, Orchard House, Westminster, 1911. Pp. ii+93. IS.

An instructive symptom of the present reaction against Cobdenism in England.

Child Problems. By GEORGE B. MANGOLD. (The Citizen's Library.) New York: Macmillan, 1910. Pp. xv+381.

"The chief purpose of this book is to give its readers a general view of the principal social child problems of today."

The specific problems treated are grouped under the heads: I, "Infant and Child Mortality"; II, "Recent Aspects of Educational Reform"; III, "Child Labor"; IV, "The Delinquent Child"; V, "The Dependent and Neglected Child.”

Dictionnaire de sociologie phalanstérienne. Charles Fourier. Par E. SILBERLING. 1911. Pp. 459. Fr. 15.

Guide des œuvres complètes de
Paris: Marcel Rivière et Ciè,

An alphabetically arranged glossary of the vocabulary of Fourier. It is somewhat remarkable that a work of this sort is published while the introduction confesses (p. x) that the school of Fourier has ceased to be a social force.

Crime and Criminals, 1876–1910. By R. F. QUINTON, M.D., Late Governor and Medical Officer of H. M. Prison, Holloway. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1910. Pp. xvi+259.

Rather an attempt to give the results of the author's experience with a single system of prison discipline than to generalize.

Report of the Librarian of Congress, and Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds for the Fiscal Year Ending July 30, 1910. Pp. 305. Government Printing Office, Washington. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 40 cents.

RECENT LITERATURE

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS

Die Bekämpfung der Kindersterblichkeit vom Rassenstandpunkte. In the campaign against infant mortality it is essential to evaluate the effect of the causes that limit propagation. Economic considerations among all civilized peoples have tended to raise the age of marriage, have favored temporary and permanent celibacy, and have limited the number of children in marriage. Among the classes, limitation of child labor, decrease in infant mortality with improved medical, hygienic, and living conditions, as well as increase in the cost of confinement and the expense of raising and educating the child, are all factors in diminishing the birth-rate. Full exercise by the mother of her maternal functions and general hygiene in its widest sense are the two chief means for decreasing infant mortality. Consequently, the woman of the upper classes must assume the duties of motherhood, and the working-woman must receive full compensation for loss of work before and after confinement.-Dr. Grasl, Archiv für Rassen- u. Gesellschafts-Biologie, May, 1910. E. W. B.

Innere Kolonisation und Landarbeiteransiedlung. In the settlement of a country there is a constant tendency to overemphasize one line of industry at the expense of another. Likewise there is unequal division of land. Both conditions are harmful to a population. They tend to create a floating population. First, there inevitably comes the demard by society for the products of the neglected industry, and society is forced to look elsewhere in order to secure them. Second, where a community consists of an aggregate of large farms, the development of towns is hindered, and there is a lack of intensification in agriculture. If the farms are too small the tillers of the soil use their excess time in outside labor. The idea is to have the farms just large enough to demand all the time of the farmer, which is the basis of a solid community. This will stop the flow of population to the cities.-Otti Gerlach, Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft, May, 1910 (2. Heft).

E. E. W.

Bericht über die 29ste Jahresversammlung des deutschen Vereins für Armens-Pflege und Wohltätigkeit.-There should be more definite laws for handling that class of men who are willingly out of employment. They should be forced to work by establishing an institution for work to which they would be sent by compulsion. This applies especially to those who have wives, and children under sixteen years of age. To Helen Simon is due the idea that the school supplant the charity institutions in this respect; that where a child is found who is not receiving food of sufficient nourishment in its home the school supply this need.-Emil Münsterberg, Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, u.s.w., Zweites Heft, 1910. E. E. W.

Reichsarbeitsnachweis und Arbeitslosenversicherung in England.—The greatest social problem England has had to face is that of her unemployed. England has had a great army of strong men who have unwillingly been idle. Extensive investigations have been made for the purpose of discovering the cause of this evil, which resulted in the belief that the workmen have not been sufficiently educated so as to be able to manipulate the machinery developed by invention. The idea at present is to classify the different kinds of workmen, i.e., the regularly employed, those having seasonal occupations, and those who are wilfully idle. This method presents hopeful possibilities. In this way there can be definite insurance rendered where it is proper that it should be applied.-Georg Huth, Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, u.s.w., Zweites Heft, 1910. E. E. W.

La valeur sociologique de la notion de la loi.-It has been the tendency to individualize the different laws of society, i.e., the moral, scientific, and economic, and the others. It is the purpose of this paper to show the fallacy of this idea and