largely obsolete at the time of publication. The seven communities selected for investigation are in Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Vermont, states which have all made important and far-reaching changes in their laws during the years since the data were collected.

While too limited to be conclusive in regard to any point covered, and too belated to afford a present-day picture of the states dealt with, this report is extremely suggestive as to the widespread waste not merely of money and equipment in our working communities, North and South, mining and manufacturing. Far more important is the waste of character and opportunity among the children of the working class both native and foreign born, indicated by this careful study.

FLORENCE KELLEY

Criminal Man, According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso. Briefly summarized by his daughter, GINA LOMBROSO FERRERO. New York and London: Putnam, 1911. Pp. ix+322. $2.00. English-reading students of criminology will welcome this summary of her father's teachings by Madame Ferrero. For a brief and compact presentation of Lombroso's criminological theories the book could scarcely be excelled. After a brief introduction by Lombroso himself, which, we are told, was the last literary work which the distinguished author found it possible to complete, Part I takes up and discusses the different types of criminals, especially the born criminal. The anatomical evidence which led Lombroso to formulate his famous theory, that the born criminal is an organic anomaly, partly pathological and partly atavistic, and that there is a distinct criminal type, is given with sufficient fulness and clearness. Madame Ferrero also dwells upon her father's later theory of the connection between congenital criminality and epilepsy. According to Lombroso, congenital criminality, or "moral insanity," is but a particular form of epilepsy. This theory he even pushes to the extreme of asserting that the criminaloid, the weak person who readily drifts into crime, is also an epileptoid. Space does not permit any detailed criticism of these theories of Lombroso,' and it is sufficient to say that Madame Ferrero has stated them with great clearness.

Part II of the book discusses the social or immediate causes of crime, the prevention of crime, and the treatment of criminals. This is perhaps the least satisfactory portion of the book, although it could scarcely have been omitted, as it is a summary of Vol. III of Lombroso's Criminal

'A criticism of Lombroso's criminological theories by the writer of this notice will appear in the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology for January, 1912.

Man, which has recently been published in English under the title of Crime, Its Causes and Remedies.

Part III is a valuable explanation of anthropometrical and other methods now used in studying the criminal, many of which were devised by Lombroso himself. Finally, in an appendix of 30 pages, there are brief summaries and a bibliography of all of Lombroso's principal works.

The book seems to the reviewer well adapted for use as a text in courses in criminology. It would need, of course, to be supplemented by other texts, but on the whole it is the best brief summary of the results of criminal anthropology accessible in English.

CHARLES A. ELLWOOD

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

L'assistance publique et privée en Russie. Direction Général de l'Economie Locale du Ministère de l'Intérieur. St. Pétersbourg: Imprimérie de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences, 1906.

At the suggestion of M. Ragozine, reporter on "Child Mortality" at the Congress, and with the aid of M. Guerbel, director of "Local Economy," this volume was prepared to be presented at the International Congress of Public and Private Assistance at Milan in 1906. Its delayed publication, too late for the Congress, has not lessened its value, because, as its editor says, "there is a complete absence in Russia of works devoted to the study of questions of public assistance in their entirety"-such a survey as these papers aim to give. The work consists of twenty studies of special topics prepared by fifteen experts. The first part includes a careful review of the evolution and present condition of charity in Russia, six studies of the care given different groups of indigents, and seven of different forms of assistance. The second part is devoted to the charities for children, treated in six studies. While the arrangement is unsystematic and many topics are omitted, the book on the whole is more comprehensive than any previous one on the subject and contains considerable constructive criticism that should be of value to all social workers in Russia. That the statistics given are in most instances admittedly incomplete or inaccurate the authors regard as in itself a comment on the charity work of the country.

* "Modern Criminal Science Series," Vol. III. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1911.

Charity began in Russia with the coming of Christianity. At first purely individual and for the salvation of the giver's soul, without investigation or question, it gradually became social through parochial fraternities and was directed to community ends. Parish officers knew their own people, and in time they provided asylums for the different classes of needy-children, old people, and the infirm. This well-developed community life died out, however, as the government grew centralized and the power of the people declined, until by the first half of the nineteenth century public assistance by the state had almost wholly superseded that of individuals or communes.

The system was slowly evolved, but to Peter the Great is given the credit for laying the foundation. He established the principle that the state must assist the poor, while he also admitted the need of private and community help. Municipalities he decreed should provide homes for the aged and infirm and should put able-bodied beggars to work. In villages landed proprietors should furnish food and work for the poor. He himself founded the first medical schools.

Catherine II went farther and organized a committee of public assistance in each of the provinces into which she divided the empire. She also founded workhouses and the foundling hospitals that have become so famous.

Under Alexander II private institutions were recognized by law and at this time the "Institutions" of the Empress Marie and the Imperial Society of Philanthropy were organized.

The committees of public assistance, valuable at first, had so wide a field and such insufficient funds that their usefulness gradually diminished. They became bureaucratic and irresponsible. It was therefore an important step forward that was taken in 1864 when zemstvos were formed in 34 provinces and took over the work of the committees. Public assistance was placed under the direction of the Minister of the Interior in the Department of Local Economy and a new popular vigor began to show itself. Three forms of charity are now alive in Russia-state, communal, and private. The state makes the laws and oversees the institutions under special law. The zemstvos and municipalities do the greatest part of the charity work, supplemented by private benevolence.

At present there is much to criticize in the condition of affairs. Committees of public assistance still exist in 9 provinces and in 5 others the government acts under the century-old rules of the committees. In all of these provinces both indoor and outdoor relief is quite inadequate. The institutions under special law, those of the Empress Marie and of the Imperial Society of Philanthropy, have a varied and extended activity, but they are extremely bureaucratic. Even the Red Cross Society, which is democratic in form, is actually much removed from popular direction. The Board of Workhouses is open to the same criticism. Parish organizations do nothing, the Society of Temperance accomplishes but a fraction of its excellent objects. The zemstvos do the best work, but they too are hampered by lack of means and too many duties. The municipalities as a rule have no system of charity, only a few, like Moscow, having introduced the Elberfeld system. Private charity is retarded by the legal difficulties of organizing. Everywhere, the author says, there is need of more freedom and more democracy.

Turning to the special report of charities, we find the latest figures regarding the work for defectives. The largest society for the care of the blind reports 24 schools for children with 879 pupils, 2 shops for adults, 9 phalansteries for both sexes, 8 retreats for the aged and infirm, and 16 infirmaries for those with diseased eyes. The Fraternity of St. Xavier aids the society by furnishing cheap food and lodging to those unable to work, and opening infirmaries. The largest school, the Institute in St. Petersburg, has a press and publishes a monthly journal, while circles of women copy books and music. The society also supports the sick blind in hospitals and sends out into the country each year about 30 medical expeditions which open over 100 dispensaries. In addition to these forms of help there are 15 other institutions for the blind, schools or houses of refuge, in different parts of the country.

This is the provision for an afflicted class that in 1897 numbered at least 247,900!

The deaf-mutes, who number over 150,000, are cared for in a similarly inadequate way by a society which has 13 branches. It reports 60 schools with 2,777 pupils out of the 40,000 or 50,000 of school age. There are 2 workshops, 2 asylums, a hospital, a dispensary, a hospice, and 2 maternal schools. Near St. Petersburg

there is a colony which has a church, school, infirmary, workshop, laundry, and farm, caring for 125 boys and girls. A similar colony has been started in Alexandrovsk. In St. Petersburg the Institute for Deaf-mutes has 162 pupils.

Somewhat larger figures are given by the associations to assist young people or to "maintain morals." The Evangelical League of Youth is a German organization; similar leagues exist among the Swedes, the Letts, and the Esthonians. These with the Society of Patronage of Young Girls do a work very like that of Young Women's Christian Associations. The league reaches 1,500 girls a year, the society 600. Another organization, working like the Society of Patronage chiefly among working girls, is the Society for the Protection of Young Girls. This too has libraries, classes, and entertainments that are attended by over 3,000 girls a year. A similar society for young men, founded by an American and known as the "Lighthouse," has an attendance of 1,050, mostly youths from 17-20, and 80 per cent members of the Greek church. A fifth society, the Evangelical Association, for developing moral and religious sentiment in the Protestant community in St. Petersburg, goes to the poor and suffering with religious more often than material aid. The other four, while their work is largely educational and social, also give economic aid by their employment bureaus and their cheap dining-rooms and lodgings.

Delinquent children are by law placed in houses of correction, but as there are only 52 of these with room for but 20 per cent of the children, the law is practically a dead letter. These houses are regarded not as prisons but as schools. Most of them are of private foundation, 2 only being supported by zemstvos, 2 by the city of Moscow-one of these an agricultural colony-and 4 by the Board of Prisons. Some are industrial schools, many have workshops in winter and agricultural work in summer. The state subsidizes with land, remission of taxes, payment of board of children committted by the courts, and money for buildings. Zemstvos and municipalities also subsidize. Four groups of children are in these institutions: those committed by the courts as delinquents; vagabonds; those judged to be in danger of becoming criminals, and those sent by their parents. The legal age is from 10-17, but different institutions fix different limits for admission within this period. The state oversees the houses, sending inspectors from time to time. The directors, aided by benevolent societies, try to