infants at certain intervals. The commune pays for physician and nurses.1

SUPPLY OF MILK2

Impure milk is one of the considerable causes of infant mortality. Various methods of providing pure milk have been put to test: sterilizing apparatus and chilling methods. But, whatever the method, the poor cannot pay the price; public or private charity must intervene; and the danger always lurks at the door that people will substitute artificial for natural food; and this is so disastrous that many almost question the wisdom of trying to furnish cow's milk. Würtz insists that no milk station should be opened without strict medical control, and that money is best expended on consultations where women are taught and encouraged to give nature's own food.

Germany has by no means attained perfection in the quality of the milk sold in the general market. The pure-food laws of Germany and Austria aid to a certain degree, and measures for preventing diseases in cattle are helpful. More special laws and regulations are left to states and municipalities. In Switzerland the cantons control this matter.

In Germany the standards employed have been summarized by Schlossmann: (1) a certain fat content for full milk-2, 3, 3.5 per cent; it should not be under 3 per cent; (2) a certain specific gravity; (3) freedom from dirt; (4) milk to be fresh; (5) milk must not curdle in cooking, within 3 hours after purchase; (6) the quantity of acid is regulated; (7) temperature is under rules; in Breslau milk in the wagon must not be above 20° C. Cassel requires immediate reduction after milking to 10° C. Many regulations prescribe methods of treating the cow and of milking. Cassel requires that all cows shall be kept clean; the udders must be washed before milking and the milkers must be clean. The cows must be free from tuberculosis and other diseases.

But it is impossible to carry out these rules in practice. The city police does not extend to the country. There is need of state and imperial control of the production of milk. Municipal

'Compare the Italian law cited in my article, Am. Journal of Sociology, November, 1911. 'Würtz, op. cit., 75 ff.

monopoly of the business has been proposed by many conservative men because this would reduce the price of milk to the poor and guarantee pure quality.

DAY NURSERIES (Krippen)

The medical requirements in Germany do not differ from those of other advanced nations, and the technique is much the same in all good institutions. In most German cities crèches are supported by private charity. Often the "Inner Mission" is active in this field.

NURSLINGS' HOMES

Infants abandoned must have at least temporary care in institutions. When the homeless and unmarried mother must go out to earn the means of living, or when she is sick, or when she dies, a nurslings' home is needed, with the facilities of an infant hospital.

In Austrian foundling asylums an infant is received at once and inquiry follows after the baby is safe. Austria has only a few large institutions, at Vienna, Graz, Prague. In Germany there is only one, the Kinderasyl at Charlottenburg.

Würtz and others urge the importance of nurslings' hospitals quite separate from children's hospitals. The nursling requires special arrangements of space, care, and feeding. Infection can be avoided only by particular methods of asepsis. Nurses must have a special training for such institutions.

Schlossmann, in order to secure the best air, established a forest hospital (Waldsäuglingsheilstätte). A floating hospital for babies has been planned.

In the hospitals it has been found that one wet nurse, with her own child, can nurse one or more others, especially where mixed food is used. Many women can produce three liters of milk a day. But even so an adequate supply of wet nurses cannot be found, and artificial feeding is introduced. This calls for a special kitchen for the preparation of such food.

The cost of nurses is somewhat reduced by employing intelligent apprentice nurses at low wages, for a course of three to twelve months.

Schäfer, Leitfaden der inneren Mission.

Weaklings, as those prematurely born with less than 2,000 gr. weight, must have special care. Infants with hereditary syphilis must be separated from the mother and kept four years in a special department of a hospital.

EXTENSION OF PEDIATRIC INSTRUCTION

There is complaint from specialists in Germany that provisions for study of nurslings and their diseases are not satisfactory. Of 20 universities only 12 had a children's clinic, some of them poorly equipped. Only in 11 universities was the instructor a pediatrist, and most have only a general children's clinic for teaching. The medical examinations in this field are not adequate.

The situation in Austria is better: all the medical faculties have children's clinics, and examinations in children's diseases are obligatory. In Switzerland there are chairs of pediatrics; all except Fribourg have children's hospitals; but the subject is not required in examinations.

In the academies of Cologne and Düsseldorf there is pediatric instruction, but not for young physicians.

In this connection Würtz insists, and with wisdom, that physicians should study not only pediatrics but also social politics, "because the protection of nurslings is not the exclusive domain of medicine." The situation here described is rapidly changing for the better, and any statement of it is soon out of date.

POPULARIZING KNOWLEDGE OF CARE OF NURSLINGS

Germany has a large number of periodicals, scientific and popular, which deal with the subject.'

To bring all the isolated efforts into harmonious and effective co-operation central offices are established. They collect information, furnished expert advice, give attention to urgent cases, influence authorities to correct evils and give subsidies.

'Zeitschrift für Säuglingsfürsorge; Zeitschrift für Säuglingsschutz (since 1909), organ of the Kaiserin Viktoria-Haus and of the Deutsche Vereinigung für Säuglingsschutz; more popular are Blätter für Säuglingsfürsorge, organ for the Bavarian Zentrale für Säuglingsfürsorge; Mutter und Kind (in Düsseldorf); Weg (in Prussia).

'For example: Die Zentrale für den Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf.

REVIEWS

The Tariff in Our Times. By IDA M. TARBELL. New York: Macmillan, 1911. Pp. ix+375. $1.50.

Miss Tarbell, who is recognized as an authority on several public questions, has been studying the tariff for several years and now gives us a most timely volume on that old yet ever new subject. She begins with the war tariffs and shows how reluctantly even Republicans voted for increases in the duties out of sheer necessity for more revenue. But by the time the war was over the people had become accustomed to paying taxes many times higher than they were in 1860 and the beneficiaries of the tariff had become so accustomed to its benefits that there was a regular "outbreak of protectionism" and the higher rates continued. For ten years and more the advocates of these rates felt it necessary to apologize for them and assure the public that they were temporary. Then the business man, who had secured what he wanted more or less indirectly and had kept himself somewhat in the background, came boldly into the open and took charge of the tariff making. From that day to this the whole history of tariff making is one of the bargaining of the special interests with each other for the plunder of a long-suffering public.

It is not meant by this to imply that Miss Tarbell has indulged in scare headlines about the robber barons and plundering plutocrats. Far from it. On the contrary she has given us a cool and dispassionate account of the tariff making for the last fifty years, an account which is little short of exasperating to the patriotic American because of the unmitigated selfishness which it reveals in the tariff beneficiaries. A friend of the tariff could write a different story and, by omission and suppression, set it in a better light. To prove the falsity of Miss Tarbell's account is another matter.

One of the most merciless chapters in the book is the last, which bears the rather innocent-looking heading, "Some Intellectual and Moral Aspects of Our Tariff Making." In this the author shows, with example after example, that the tariff has not done what its advocates claim for it. Having demonstrated the utterly indefensible character of Schedule K, she adds:

The doctrine of protection as well as common humanity and common-sense orders the gradual but steady wiping out of all duties on everything necessary

to the health and comfort of the people unless in a reasonable time these duties can supply us better and cheaper goods than we can buy in the world market. That time passed at least twenty years ago in wool, but Schedule K still stands.

The utter disregard of facts by the protectionist is laid completely bare. Commenting on the remark made by a foreigner that the chief obstacle to the making of tin plate in this county was the absence of cheap female labor Mr. McKinley said: "We do not have cheap female labor here under the protective system, I thank God for that." On this the writer comments: "And yet at that moment in the textile mills of New England, of New York, and of Pennsylvania, not only were thousands of women working ten, eleven, and more hours a day, because their labor was cheap, but thousands of children were doing the same."

With a merciless marshaling of facts Miss Tarbell once more explodes that oft exploded dogma of the protectionists that the American workingman gets the benefit of the tariff. After quoting the recent high priest of protectionism, Mr. Aldrich, to the effect that "Protective duties are levied for the benefit of giving employment to the industries of Americans, to our people of the United States and not to foreigners," she goes into the very citadel of the protectionists, Rhode Island, and shows that 86 per cent of the operatives in that state are foreigners by birth or blood. The inefficiency of protection is further demonstrated in the fact that, after one hundred years of application, 75 per cent of Rhode Island's population lives in rented houses. At the factory the operative must work under insanitary conditions, the situation often being worse than in unprotected England. His wages, from $7.25 to $15.34 per week, are so low that his wife and children must go to the factory to help solve the problem of buying food and paying rent on a wretched tenement.

This, then, is high protection's most perfect work—a state of half a million people turning out an annual product worth $279,438,000, the laborers in the chief industry underpaid, unstable, bent with disease, the average employers rich, self-satisfied, and as indifferent to social conditions as so many robber barons. It is an industrial oligarchy made by a nation's beneficence under the mistaken notion that it was working out a labor's paradise.

The author and publisher probably will be glad to have their attention called to the typographical errors on pp. 191 and 203. The use of "whom" as the subject of a finite verb (p. 321) violates an old rule of grammar.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS

DAVID Y. THOMAS