Slawentums und das moderne Italien. Z. Politik 554-68, No. 4, '11. Mingazina, G. Die Krankheiten des Nervensystems und das sexuelle Problem. Sexualprobleme 505–11, Aug. '11. Ministère du Travail. Les associations ouvrières de production et les sociétés coopérations de consommation France. [Suite et fin.] Bul. de l'office du travail. 1096, 1201, Nov.-Dec. '11. Ministère du Travail. L'immigration et le placement des ouvriers agricoles polonais en France. I, II. Bul. de l'office du travail 1071, 1210, Nov. Dec. 'II. en Ministère du Travail. Rapport sur les subventions aux caisses de chômage pour l'année 1910. Bul. de l'office du travail 1063, Nov. '11. Minneapolis Spirit, The. Am. City 6: 398, Jan. '11. Moch, G. Le premier congrès universel des races. Paix par le droit 544, Oct. 'II. Mokeevsky, A. de. La réforme agraire en Russie. Rev. des deux mondes 7:419, Jan. '12. Moll-Weiss, A. Les écoles de servantes en Suisse. Mus. soc. (Mem. et doc.) 333, Dec. 'II. Most. Neue Literatur zur Arbeiterversorgung. Arbeiterversorgung 28: 237-47, No. 29, 'II. Muller, R. La geographie humaine: à propos de l'ouvrage de M. Jean Brunhes. Rev. des sci. pol. 26:928, Nov.Dec. '11. Murray, Leslie R. L'adolescence et les influences extérieures. Ref. soc. 72: 633, Dec. 1, 'II. Murray, R. A. Economia-matematica ed economia statistico-induttiva. Gior. d. ec. e riv. d. stat. 43:550, Nov. '11. Muthesius, K. Die Schule als Faktor der sozialen Erziehung. Evang.-soz. Kongr. Verh. 22:97-153, '11. Näcke, P. Ausspucken aus Aberglauben. Arch. Kriminal-Anthropol. 42:369– 70, Nos. 3, 4, 'II. Näcke, P. Auto-Sodismus und autosodistischer-Selbstmord. Arch. Kriminal-Anthropol. 42:171–72, No. 42, 'II. Näcke, P. Über tardive Homosexualität. Sexualprobleme 612-34, Sept. 'II. Naumann, F. Mensch und Materie. Staatsbürger. 481-89, Nov. '11. Nock, Albert Jay. World Scouts. Amer. 73:275, Jan. '12. Nordenmark, N. V. E. Den sociala olycksfallsstatistiken. Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift 10, Feb. '12. Nötzel, K. Soziale Erkrankungen. (Betrachtungen über Armut, Arbeitslosigkeit, Krankheiten, Prostitution u.s.w.) März 225, 260, Nos. 32, 33, 'II. Nouvions, G. de. La crise alimentaire et l'industrie frigorifique. Jour. des écon. 33:62, Jan. '12. Novicow, J. L'échange, phénomène Menschenökonomie und Waarenökonomie. Z. Jugendwohlfahrt 321-26, June '11. Oswald, K. Zur Frage des Aberglaubens. Arch. Kriminal-Anthropol. 42: 370-71, Nos. 3, 4, 'II. Ostwald, W. Krieg und Rassenbiologie. Allg. Beobachter. 1:67-69, No. 5, 'II. Page, Charles Whitney. Insanity and Non-Restraint. Atlan. 109:35, Jan. '12. Palmer, Lewis E. A Strike for Four Loaves of Bread. Survey 27:1690, Feb. 3, '12. Pan Hui Lo. A Study of Chinese Jurisprudence. Ill. Law Rev. 6:456, Feb. 12. Petri. Erziehung der weiblichen Jugend einst und jetzt. Frauenhülfe 67-74, No. 3, '11. Pfeiffer, H. Aerztliches zur Ehereform. Arch. Kriminal-Anthropol. 42:193205. Nos. 3, 4, 'II. Picard, R. Les accidents du travail et les modifications à la loi du 9 avril, 1898. Rev. soc. 432, Nov. 'II. Pohle, L. Grundstückspreise und Wohnungsmieten unter dem Einfluss der Spekulation. Z. Sozialwiss. 612-16, Aug.-Sept. 'II. Popp, H. Germanische Zukunftskulte. Geschlecht u. Gesellsch. 241-51, Jan. 'II. Potthoff, H. Die Kosten der Sozial politik. Umschau 505-7, No. 25, '11. Potthoff, H. Die Probleme des Arbeitsverhältnisses. Ann. d. R. 553-55, Aug. 'II. Potthoff, H. Rechtsprobleme der Arbeitsverfassung. Soz. Prax. 20:155356, No. 56, 'II. Preziosi, G. Il problema economico dell' emigrazione italiana. Gior. d. ec. e riv. d. stat. 43:531, Nov.' II. Pumplansky, L. Das Problem der Arbeitslosigkeit in England. Arch. Sozialwiss. u. Soz.-Pol. 33:126-60, No. 1, 'II. Quidde, L. Zur Organisation der Interparlamentarischen Union. II, Die Grundlagen einer künftigen Repräsentativverfassung. Friedenswarte 13:199-205, July '11. Rademaker, F. Die Arbeitslosenversicherung in Köln. Soz. Prax. 20:142631, No. 40, 'II. Radlof, L. Probleme (Betr.__sozialistische Kommunalpolitik). Kommun. Prax. 11:1217-22, No. 39, '11. Raflin, N. Der Zustand der gemeind lichen Arbeitsnachweisbureaus von Paris im Jahre 1909. Arbeitsmarkt 14:646-50, Oct. 'II. Rambert. Le problème de l'apprentissage. Rev. pol. et parl. 70:489, Dec. 'II. Rawnsley, H. D. Pernicious Literature. Hib. Jour. 10:462, Jan. '12. Rawson, Jonathan A. Modern Tenement Houses. Pop. Sci. M. 80:191, Feb. '12. Réynaud, L. Les associations en Chine. Rivière, H. Œuvres de relèvement de la jeunesse tombée. Ref. soc. 72:689, Dec. 16, '11. Rogers, A. K. Nietzsche and Democracy. Phil. Rev. 21:32, Jan. '12. Rogers, Lindsay. The United States and International Arbitration. Americana 7:13, Jan. '12. Roorbach, G. B. Geographic Influences in the Development of the Manufacturing Industry of the Mohawk Valley. Jour. of Geog. 10:80-86, Nov. 'II. Ross, Edward Alsworth. The Middle West. Century 83:609, Feb. '12. Roth, Paul. Die ungarische Arbeiterversicherung. Z. ges. Versicherungswiss. 5:818-21, No. 11, 'II. Rouge, J. La coopération et la vie chère. Rev. soc. 72:413, Nov. '11. Saint-Léon, M. Le III Congrès international des classes moyennes. Munich, 28-30 Sept., 1911. Mus. soc. (Mem. et doc.), 357, Dec. '11. Saint Nihal Singh. What the British Have Done for India. R. of Rs. 45:65, Jan. '12. Salz, A. Über Arbeitswert und Arbeitsleid. Z. Volksw. 20:289-352, Mar.Apr. 'II. Schallmayer, W. Rassedienst. Sexualprobleme 433-43 July, '11. Schallmayer, W. Sozialistische Entwicklungs- u. Bevölkerungslehre. Z. Sozialwiss. 511-30, Aug.-Sept. 'II. Scheuer, O. Der Kuss und das Küssen. Sexualprobleme 460-79, July '1I. Schmidt, R. Arbeiterschutz Arbeiterversicherung. Konf. Gewerksch. Deutschl. u.s.w. Prot. 8:211-26, '11. Schmoll, L. Rapport sur le monopole des assurances. Rev. de la pré. 1161, Nov. 'II. u. Schnidtmann, M. Der Einfluss des Alkohols auf den Ablauf der Vorstellungen. Psychol. Arb. 6:300-338, No. 2, 'II. Schröder, P. Das Fortlaufen der Kinder. Monatsschrift Kriminalpsychol. 8:25766, May '11. Schwiedland. Le programme des œuvres sociales en Autriche. Ref. soc. 73:62, Jan. 1, '12. Schüller, R. Die Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften. Arch. Sozialwiss. u. Soz.Pol. 33:37-76, No. 1, '11. Schultze, E. Die Kulturleistungen der Völker, gemessen an den Nobelpreisen. Sonntags-Beil. Voss. Ztg. No. 34, 'II. Schulz, A. Bodenverstaatlichung oder Güteraufteilung. Sozialist. Monatsheft 1212-18, Nos. 18-20, '11. Schütze, W. Jüdischer Meineidsaberglaube. Arch. Kriminal-Anthropol. 43: 190-92, Nos. 1, 2, 'II. Schwappacher, A. Handwerker-Versicherung. Soz. Prax. 20:1476-78, No. 47, 'II. Schwimmer, Rosika. Geschlechtsparasitismus. Umschau 289-91, No. 24, Dec. 'II. Seager, H. R. The Recent Trust Decisions. Pol. Sci. Quarterly 26:581, Dec. '11. Seager, H. R. Standardization for Accident Prevention. Am. Lab. Legis. R. 1:9, Dec. 'II. Segall, J. Der Untergang der deutschen Juden. Im D. Reich 485-99, Sept. II. Showerman, Grant. The Making of a Democrat. Yale R. 1:221, Jan. '12. Siebert. Die Eltern und die sexuelle Aufklärung. Z. Bekämpfg. Geschlechtskrankheiten 12:277-301, Aug. 'II. Simmel, G. Weibliche Kultur. Arch. Sozialwiss.u. Soz-Pol. 33:1-36, No. 1,'11. Sims, Henry Upson. The Problem of Reforming Procedure. Yale Law Jour. 21:215, Jan. '12. valen i vara storstäder. Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift 81, Apr. '11. Ueber die Leipziger Ortskrankenkasse (1884-1910). Soz. Prax. 20:1514-16, No. 48, '11. Skelton, H. S. Eugenics. Contemp. Umbreit, P. Arbeitsnachweis u. ArbeitsNo. 553:84, Jan. '12. Slater, Gilbert. The Universities and the Democracy. Sociol. R. 5:29, Jan.'12. Sloane, William M. The Vision and Substance of History. Am. Hist. R. 17:235, Jan. '12. Smith, David Baird. The Reformers and Divorce. Scott. Hist. R. No. 9:10, Oct. 'II. Snedden, David. What of Liberal Education? Atlan. 109:111, Jan. '12. Soucail. La cherté de la vie. L' Égypt contemp. Jan. '12. Spann, O. Kantische und Marxische Sozialphilosophie. Arch. Gesch. Sozialismus 2:128-34, No. 1, 'II. Sparkman, C. F. Satan and his Ancestors, from a Psychological Standpoint. Jour. Rel. Psych. 5:52, Jan. '12. Spier, I. Der Seemann und die Prostitution. Geschlecht u. Gesellsch. 297–307. July '11. Steinmetz, S. R. Die Begabung der Rassen und Völker. Grenzboten 493501, No. 37, 'II. Stockton, F. T. The Closed Shop in American Trade Unions. Johns Hopkins Studies in Hist. and Pol. Sci. 29: No. 3, '11. Sumner, Mary Brown. A Strike Brought about by a Bundle of Dirty Linen. Survey 27:1685, Feb. 3, '12. Symposium. The Larger Bearings of the McNamara Case. Survey 27:1413, Dec. 30, '11. Takamine, Jokichi. The Japanese in America. Jour. of Race Dev. 2:236, Jan. '12. Tarbell, Ida M. Making a Man of Her self. Amer. 73:427, Feb. '12. Tarr, Ralph S. The Alaskan Problem. No. Am. 195:40, Jan. '12. Thesleff, A. Report on the Gypsy Problem. Jour. of Gyp. Lore Soc. 5: No. 2, '11. Thouvenin, Abbé. Les caisses dotales. Ref. soc. 73:113, Jan. '12 Tower, W. S. Some Factors Influencing the Location and Migration of Industries. Bull. Geog. Soc. of Phil. 9:2037, Apr. 'II. v. Tugan-Baranowski. Kant und Marx. Arch. Sozialwiss. u. Soz.-Pol. 33:180-88, No. 1, 'II. Tynell, Knut. De olika befolkningsgruppernas deltagande i de allmänna losenunterstützung. Konf. Gewerksch. Deutschl. u.s.w. Prot. 8:302-17, '11. Underhill, Frank P. The Cost of Adequate Nutrition. Yale R. 1:261, Jan.'12. Waentig, H. Lafcadio Hearn als Völkerphilosoph. D. Japan-Post 10:13-15, No. 1, II. Wagner, M. Die Reichsversicherungsordnung. J.B. Nat.-Oek. u. Stat. 42:178-214, No. 2, '11. Was heisst widernatürliche Unzucht beim weiblichen Geschlecht? Geschlecht u. Gesellsch. 269-76, June '11. Weber, Marianne. Prinzipien der Ehereform. Frau 19:1-15, No. 1, 'II. Wells, H. G. Socialism. Harper's 124: 197, Jan. '12. Wilbrandt, R. Über den Entwurf des Hausarbeitsgesetz. Prot. d. Heimarbeitertages 21-38, '11. Wilhelm, E. Die volkspsychologischen Unterschiede in der französischen und deutschen Sittlichkeitsgesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung. Sexualprobleme 7:657-74, Oct. '11. Williams, Henry Smith. Wilful WasteWilful Want. World To-day 21:1774, Feb. '12. Winkler, W. Studien zur österreichi schen Sozialversicherungsvorlage. Z. ges. Volkswiss. 415-46, Nos. 3, 4, 'II. Winterburg, M. Elsass-Lothringischer Nationalbund und Nationalisierung. Grenzboten 533-41, No. 38, '1I. Wölbling, P. Der Bureaukratismus unserer Industrie. Soz. Prax. 20:148992, No. 48, 'II. Wolfstieg, A. Wesen und Methode der Geistergeschichte und die Anfänge der Freimauerei. Preuss. Jahrb. 532-40, Sept. 'II. Woodruff, Clinton R. American Municipal Tendencies. Nat. Munic. R. 1:3, Jan. '12. Wyman, Bruce. Constructive Control of Trusts. World To-day 21:1580, Jan. '12. Zimmerman, W. Eine Reichsstelle für Arbeitertariffverträge. Soz. Prax. 20: 1617-22, No. 52, '11. Zolla, D. La hausse des prix et le développement de la production agricole. Rev. pol. et parl. 71:77, Jan. '12. Zur Reform des Arbeitsrechts. Soz. Prax. 20:1361-65, No. 44, 'II. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY VOLUME XVII MAY, 1912 NUMBER 6 RACE PSYCHOLOGY: STANDPOINT AND QUESTION- W. I. THOMAS § 1. Problem and method.-a) The question of mental capacity from the standpoint of race has become of particular interest for America on account of the immigration situation and the presence of the Negro. In this connection it becomes important to determine how a race rises from one level of culture to another, whether by internal stimulation and native ability, or by accepting and imitating the culture of the higher level of society; and more particularly, which races are fit to progress and which are not, and why. b) I have in mind also the study of the backwardness and forwardness of different social groups in the same community and of the same racial composition. Every community contains different levels of population regardless of race, and in the large cities the cultural intervals are perhaps as wide as those we are accustomed to think of as characteristic of race. Indeed, backwardness on account of race cannot properly be estimated apart from backwardness within the race. The following plan for viewing and collecting materials is one which I have been using in connection with some investigations among the peasants of Europe and among the Negroes, and I present it, not as a contribution to theory, but as a tool. It is apparent that a number of persons, many of them not students by profession, are in a position to make valuable records on these questions and that they could make use of a scheme containing some formulation of standpoint and suggestions for the selection and arrangement of materials. I think the field worker needs and will appreciate some presentation of the "state of knowledge" in the field of racial and social psychology, and I have attempted to provide this. The schedule is also "illustrated" with examples from various sources. It is not to be expected that the investigator will attempt in all cases to parallel these illustrations. They are merely samples of the material which may be assembled under given headings. The references to sources are frequently not to the exact page, but to a chapter or longer passage containing the quotation and its The term "race" is not always used in an exact sense. It is now recognized that there are no pure races in Europe. context. § 2. General standpoint.—a) Without ignoring economic determinism or denying the importance of specific race characters, I have assumed that individual variation is of more importance than racial difference, and that the main factors in social change are attention, interest, stimulation, imitation, occupational differentiation, mental attitude, and accessibility to opportunity and copies. In other words, I have emphasized the social rather than the biological and economic aspects of the problem. b) There are two possible explanations of the different manifestations of the mind of man. It may be that the minds of different races show differences of organization; that is to say, the laws of mental activity may not be the same for all minds. But it may also be that the organization of mind is practically identical among all races of man; that mental activity follows the same laws everywhere, but that its manifestations depend upon the character of individual experience that is subjected to the action of these laws. . . . . It would seem that, in different races, the organization of the mind is on the whole alike, and that the varieties of mind found in different races do not exceed, perhaps do not even reach, the amount of normal individual variation in each race. It has been indicated that, notwithstanding this similarity in the form of individual mental processes, the expression of mental activity of a community tends to show a characteristic historical development. From a comparative study of these changes among the races of man is derived our theory of the general development of human culture. But the development of culture must not be |