to establish a global system for plant genetic resources conservation; (3) enter into agreements with land-grant colleges and universities, the Agency for International Development, and international organizations (such as the United Nations, World Bank, regional development banks, the International Agricultural Research Center), or other organizations, institutions or individuals with comparable goals, to promote and support the development of a viable and sustainable global agricultural system; (4) further develop within the Department highly qualified and experienced scientists and experts who specialize in international programs, to be available to carry out the activities described in this section; (5) work with transitional and more advanced countries in food, agricultural, and related research, development, and extension (including providing technical assistance, training, and advice to persons from the countries engaged in the activities and the stationing of scientists and other specialists at national and international institutions in the countries); (6) expand collaboration and coordination with the Agency for International Development regarding food and agricultural research, extension, and education programs in developing countries; (7) assist colleges and universities in strengthening their capabilities for food, agricultural, and related research and extension that is relevant to agricultural development activities in other countries through (A) the provision of support to State universities and land-grant colleges and universities to do collaborative research with other countries on issues relevant to United States agricultural competitiveness; (B) the provision of support for cooperative extension education in global agriculture and to promote the application of new technology developed in foreign countries to United States agriculture; and (C) the provision of support for the internationalization of resident instruction programs of the universities and colleges described in subparagraph (A); and (8) establish, in cooperation with the Secretary of State, a program, to be coordinated through the International Arid Land Consortium, to enhance collaboration and cooperation between institutions possessing research capabilities applied to the development, management, and reclamation of arid lands. (b) Enhancing linkages [See main edition for text of (b)] (c) Provision of specialized or technical services The Secretary may provide specialized or technical services, on an advance of funds or a reimbursable basis, to United States colleges and universities and other nongovernmental organizations carrying out international food, agricultural, and related research, extension, and teaching development projects and activities. All funds received in payment for furnishing such specialized or technical services shall be deposited to the credit of the appropriation from which the cost of providing such services has been paid or is to be charged. (As amended Pub. L. 101-624, title XVI, § 1613(a), (b), (d)(1), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3724, 3726; Pub. L. 102-237, title IV, § 402(11), Dec. 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 1863.) AMENDMENTS 1991-Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 102-237 substituted a semicolon for period at end. 1990-Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(d)(1)(A), inserted section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(a), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: "The Secretary, subject to such coordination with other Federal officials, departments, and agencies as the President may direct, is authorized to "(1) expand the operational coordination of the Department of Agriculture with institutions and other persons throughout the world performing agricultural and related research and extension activities by exchanging research materials and results with such institutions or persons and by conducting with such institutions or persons joint or coordinated research and extension on problems of significance to food and agriculture in the United States; "(2) assist the Agency for International Development with food, agricultural, research and extension programs in developing countries; "(3) work with developed and transitional countries on food, agricultural and related research and extension, including providing technical assistance, training, and advice to persons from such countries engaged in such activities and the stationing of scientists at national and international institutions in such countries; "(4) assist United States colleges and universities in strengthening their capabilities for food, agricultural, and related research and extension relevant to agricultural development activities in other countries through the development of highly qualified scientists with specialization in international development; and "(5) further develop within the Department of Agriculture highly qualified and experienced scientists who specialize in international programs, to be available for the activities described in this section." Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(d)(1)(B), inserted heading. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(b), (d)(1)(C), inserted heading and “and other nongovernmental organizations" after "universities". § 3292. Grants to States for international trade development centers (a) Grant program The Secretary shall establish and carry out a program to make grants to States (or regional groupings of States) for the establishment and operation of international trade development centers, or the expansion of existing international trade development centers, in the United States to enhance the exportation of agricultural products and related products. Such grants shall be based on a matching formula of 50 per centum Federal and 50 per centum State or regional funding (including funds received by the State or region from private sources and from units of local government). (b) Location and funding of certain centers The Secretary shall make determinations regarding the location and funding of international trade development centers established after November 28, 1990, based on a national plan for agricultural export promotion through international trade development centers. Grants under this section shall be made available on a competitive basis in accordance with such plan. (c) Preferences In making grants under subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall, consistent with the plan developed under subsection (b) of this section, give preference to States (or regional groupings of States) that intend to use, as sites for international trade development centers, land-grant colleges and universities (as defined in section 3103(10) of this title) that (1) operate agricultural programs; (2) have existing international trade programs that use an interdisciplinary approach and are operated jointly with State and Federal agencies to address international trade problems; and (3) have an effective and progressive communications system that might be linked on an international basis to conduct conferences or trade negotiations. (d) Activities of centers Such centers may (1) through research, establish a permanent data base to address the problems faced by potential exporters, including language barriers, interaction with representatives of foreign governments, transportation of goods and products, insurance and financing within foreign countries, and collecting international marketing data; (2) be used to house permanent or temporary exhibits that will stimulate and educate trade delegations from foreign nations with respect to agricultural products and related products produced in the United States and be made available for use by State and regional entities for exhibits, trade seminars, and negotiations involving such products; and (3) carry out such other activities relating to the exportation of agricultural products and related products as the Secretary may approve. (e) Authorization of appropriations There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out the provisions of this section. (As amended Pub. L. 101-624, title XVI, § 1613(c), (d)(2), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3726.) AMENDMENTS 1990-Pub. L. 101-624. § 1613(d)(2)(A), made technical amendment to section catchline which required no change in text. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(c)(1), inserted heading and substituted "grants to States (or regional groupings of States)" for "grants to States", "State or regional funding" for "State funding", and "State or region from" for "State from”. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(c)(2), (3), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(c)(2), (4), redesig. nated subsec. (b) as (c), inserted heading, inserted ", consistent with the plan developed under subsection (b) of this section," after "shall", and substituted "States (or regional groupings of States)" for "States". Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(c)(2), (d)(2)(B), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d) and inserted heading. Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e). Subsec. (e), Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(c)(2), (d)(2)(C), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e) and inserted heading. § 3293. Agricultural fellowship program for middle income countries and emerging democracies (a) Establishment The Secretary of Agriculture shall establish a fellowship program for, to be known as the "Cochran Fellowship Program", to provide fellowships to individuals from eligible countries (as determined under subsection (b) of this section) who specialize in agriculture for study in the United States. (b) Eligible countries Countries described in any of the following paragraphs shall be eligible to participate in the program established under this section: (1) Middle-income country A country that has developed economically to the point where it no longer qualifies for bilateral foreign aid assistance from the United States because its per capita income level exceeds the eligibility requirements of such assistance programs (hereafter referred to in this section as a "middle-income" country). (2) Ongoing relationship A middle-income country that has never qualified for bilateral foreign aid assistance from the United States, but with respect to which an ongoing relationship with the United States, including technical assistance and training, would provide mutual benefits to such country and the United States. (3) Type of government A country that has recently begun the transformation of its system of government from a non-representative type of government to a representative democracy and that is encouraging democratic institution building, and the cultural values, institutions, and organizations of democratic pluralism. (4) Independent states of the former Soviet Union A country that is an independent state of the former Soviet Union (as defined in section 5602(8) of this title), to the extent that the Secretary of Agriculture determines that such country should be eligible to participate in the program established under this section. (c) Purpose of fellowships Fellowships under this section shall be provided to permit the recipients to gain knowl edge and skills that will So in original. The word "for" probably should not appear. (1) assist eligible countries to develop agricultural systems necessary to meet the food needs of their domestic populations; and (2) strengthen and enhance trade linkages between eligible countries and agricultural interests in the United States. (d) Individuals who may receive fellowships The Secretary shall utilize the expertise of United States agricultural counselors, trade officers, and commodity trade promotion groups working in participating countries to help identify program candidates for fellowships under this section from both the public and private sectors of those countries. The Secretary may provide fellowships under the program authorized by this section to private agricultural producers from eligible countries. (e) Program implementation The Secretary shall consult with other United States Government agencies, United States universities, and the private agribusiness sector, as appropriate, to design and administer training programs to accomplish the objectives of the program established under this section. (f) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated without fiscal year limitation such sums as may be necessary to carry out the program established under this section, except that the amount of such funds in any fiscal year shall not exceed (1) for eligible countries that meet the requirements of subsection (b)(1) of this section, $3,000,000; (2) for eligible countries that meet the requirements of subsection (b)(2) of this section, $2,000,000; and (3) for eligible countries that meet the requirements of subsection (b)(3) of this section, $5,000,000. (g) Complementary funds If the Secretary of Agriculture determines that it is advisable in furtherance of the purposes of the program established under this section, the Secretary may accept money, funds, property, and services of every kind by gift, devise, bequest, grant, or otherwise, and may, in any manner, dispose of all such holdings and use the receipts generated from such disposition as general program funds under this section. All funds so designated for the program established under this section shall remain available until expended. (Pub. L. 101-624, title XV, § 1543, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3694; Pub. L. 102-237, title X, § 1002, Dec. 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 1894; Pub. L. 102–511, title VII, § 705, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3349.) CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Agricultural Development and Trade Act of 1990, and also as part of the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, and not as part of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 which comprises this chapter. AMENDMENTS 1992-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102-511, § 705(a)(1), struck out "middle income countries and emerging democra cies" after "fellowship program for" and inserted "(as determined under subsection (b) of this section)" after "eligible countries". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102-511, § 705(a)(2), substituted "described in any of the following paragraphs" for "that meet the following requirements" in introductory provisions and added par. (4). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102-511, § 705(b), inserted at end "The Secretary may provide fellowships under the program authorized by this section to private agricultural producers from eligible countries." 1991-Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 102-237 substituted "program" for "Program”. § 3294. Center For North American Studies (a) Establishment The Secretary of Agriculture shall establish a center, to be known as the Center For North American Studies, whose primary purpose shall be to promote better agricultural relationships among Canada, Mexico, and the United States through cooperative study, training, and research. (b) Location The Institute shall be located at an institution of higher education or at a consortium of such institutions. (c) Authorization of appropriations To carry out this section, there are authorized to be appropriated $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1994 and such sums as may necessary for each of fiscal years 1995 and 1996. (Pub. L. 102-532, § 4, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3512.) CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative Act of 1992, and not as part of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 which comprises this chapter. SUBCHAPTER X-FUNDING AND § 3311. Authorization of appropriations Notwithstanding any authorization for appropriations for agricultural research in any Act enacted prior to September 29, 1977, there are hereby authorized to be appropriated for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of this chapter, except sections 390 to 390j, 3152, 3154, and 2669 of this title, and the competitive grants program provided for in section 450i of this title, and except that the authorization for moneys provided under the Act of March 2, 1887 (24 Stat. 440-442, as amended; 7 U.S.C. 361a-3611), is excluded and is provided for in subsection (b) of this section, $850,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1991 through 1995. (b) Agricultural research at State agricultural experiment stations Notwithstanding any authorization for appropriations for agricultural research at State agricultural experiment stations in any Act enacted prior to September 29, 1977, there are authorized to be appropriated for the purpose of conducting agricultural research at State agricul (b) Location and funding of certain centers The Secretary shall make determinations regarding the location and funding of international trade development centers established after November 28, 1990, based on a national plan for agricultural export promotion through international trade development centers. Grants under this section shall be made available on a competitive basis in accordance with such plan. (c) Preferences In making grants under subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall, consistent with the plan developed under subsection (b) of this section, give preference to States (or regional groupings of States) that intend to use, as sites for international trade development centers, land-grant colleges and universities (as defined in section 3103(10) of this title) that (1) operate agricultural programs; (2) have existing international trade programs that use an interdisciplinary approach and are operated jointly with State and Federal agencies to address international trade problems; and (3) have an effective and progressive communications system that might be linked on an international basis to conduct conferences or trade negotiations. (d) Activities of centers Such centers may (1) through research, establish a permanent data base to address the problems faced by potential exporters, including language barriers, interaction with representatives of foreign governments, transportation of goods and products, insurance and financing within foreign countries, and collecting international marketing data; (2) be used to house permanent or temporary exhibits that will stimulate and educate trade delegations from foreign nations with respect to agricultural products and related products produced in the United States and be made available for use by State and regional entities for exhibits, trade seminars, and negotiations involving such products; and (3) carry out such other activities relating to the exportation of agricultural products and related products as the Secretary may approve. (e) Authorization of appropriations There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out the provisions of this section. (As amended Pub. L. 101-624, title XVI, § 1613(c), (d)(2), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3726.) AMENDMENTS 1990-Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(d)(2)(A), made technical amendment to section catchline which required no change in text. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(c)(1), inserted heading and substituted "grants to States (or regional groupings of States)" for "grants to States", "State or regional funding" for "State funding", and "State or region from" for "State from". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(c)(2), (3), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(c)(2), (4), redesignated subsec. (b) as (c), inserted heading, inserted ", consistent with the plan developed under subsection (b) of this section," after "shall", and substituted "States (or regional groupings of States)" for "States". Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(c)(2), (d)(2)(B), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d) and inserted heading. Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e). Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101-624, § 1613(c)(2), (d)(2)(C), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e) and inserted heading. § 3293. Agricultural fellowship program for middle income countries and emerging democracies (a) Establishment The Secretary of Agriculture shall establish a fellowship program for, to be known as the "Cochran Fellowship Program", to provide fellowships to individuals from eligible countries (as determined under subsection (b) of this section) who specialize in agriculture for study in the United States. (b) Eligible countries Countries described in any of the following paragraphs shall be eligible to participate in the program established under this section: (1) Middle-income country A country that has developed economically to the point where it no longer qualifies for bilateral foreign aid assistance from the United States because its per capita income level exceeds the eligibility requirements of such assistance programs (hereafter referred to in this section as a "middle-income" country). (2) Ongoing relationship A middle-income country that has never qualified for bilateral foreign aid assistance from the United States, but with respect to which an ongoing relationship with the United States, including technical assistance and training, would provide mutual benefits to such country and the United States. (3) Type of government A country that has recently begun the transformation of its system of government from a non-representative type of government to a representative democracy and that is encouraging democratic institution building, and the cultural values, institutions, and organizations of democratic pluralism. (4) Independent states of the former Soviet Union A country that is an independent state of the former Soviet Union (as defined in section 5602(8) of this title), to the extent that the Secretary of Agriculture determines that such country should be eligible to participate in the program established under this section. (c) Purpose of fellowships Fellowships under this section shall be provided to permit the recipients to gain knowledge and skills that will— 'So in original. The word "for" probably should not appear. (1) assist eligible countries to develop agricultural systems necessary to meet the food needs of their domestic populations; and (2) strengthen and enhance trade linkages between eligible countries and agricultural interests in the United States. (d) Individuals who may receive fellowships The Secretary shall utilize the expertise of United States agricultural counselors, trade officers, and commodity trade promotion groups working in participating countries to help identify program candidates for fellowships under this section from both the public and private sectors of those countries. The Secretary may provide fellowships under the program authorized by this section to private agricultural producers from eligible countries. (e) Program implementation The Secretary shall consult with other United States Government agencies, United States universities, and the private agribusiness sector, as appropriate, to design and administer training programs to accomplish the objectives of the program established under this section. (f) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated without fiscal year limitation such sums as may be necessary to carry out the program established under this section, except that the amount of such funds in any fiscal year shall not exceed (1) for eligible countries that meet the requirements of subsection (b)(1) of this section, $3,000,000; (2) for eligible countries that meet the requirements of subsection (b)(2) of this section, $2,000,000; and (3) for eligible countries that meet the requirements of subsection (b)(3) of this section, $5,000,000. (g) Complementary funds If the Secretary of Agriculture determines that it is advisable in furtherance of the purposes of the program established under this section, the Secretary may accept money, funds, property, and services of every kind by gift, devise, bequest, grant, or otherwise, and may, in any manner, dispose of all such holdings and use the receipts generated from such disposition as general program funds under this section. All funds so designated for the program established under this section shall remain available until expended. (Pub. L. 101-624, title XV, § 1543, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3694; Pub. L. 102-237, title X, § 1002, Dec. 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 1894; Pub. L. 102-511, title VII, § 705, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3349.) CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Agricultural Development and Trade Act of 1990, and also as part of the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, and not as part of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 which comprises this chapter. AMENDMENTS 1992-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102-511, § 705(a)(1), struck out "middle income countries and emerging democra cies" after "fellowship program for" and inserted "(as determined under subsection (b) of this section)" after "eligible countries". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102-511, § 705(a)(2), substituted "described in any of the following paragraphs" for "that meet the following requirements" in introductory provisions and added par. (4). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102-511, § 705(b), inserted at end "The Secretary may provide fellowships under the program authorized by this section to private agricultural producers from eligible countries." 1991-Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 102-237 substituted "program" for "Program". § 3294. Center For North American Studies The Secretary of Agriculture shall establish a center, to be known as the Center For North American Studies, whose primary purpose shall be to promote better agricultural relationships among Canada, Mexico, and the United States through cooperative study, training, and research. (b) Location The Institute shall be located at an institution of higher education or at a consortium of such institutions. (c) Authorization of appropriations To carry out this section, there are authorized to be appropriated $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1994 and such sums as may necessary for each of fiscal years 1995 and 1996. (Pub. L. 102-532, § 4, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3512.) CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative Act of 1992, and not as part of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 which comprises this chapter. SUBCHAPTER X-FUNDING AND § 3311. Authorization of appropriations Notwithstanding any authorization for appro- Notwithstanding any authorization for appropriations for agricultural research at State agricultural experiment stations in any Act enacted prior to September 29, 1977, there are authorized to be appropriated for the purpose of conducting agricultural research at State agricul |