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III may have been Æthelstan's former moneyer of that name. only moneyer who seems to have worked at York with any regularity was Ingelgar, who held the post of moneyer under four kings, Eric, Eadmund, Anlaf II and Eadred.

EADWIG, 955-959.

Eadwig, the son of Eadmund, succeeded his uncle Eadred. Though all the coins of this king are somewhat scarce, those which exist shew that no fewer than eight different moneyers were working in the York mint during the four years of Eadwig's reign. It is unlikely that they were all employed at the same time, but their number tends to prove both the increasing importance of York, and also how unreservedly that city had been compelled to submit to " the king of all Britain."

His York pennies mostly have on the obv. a small cross, and on the rev. an inscription in two lines. After those pieces which are in the British Museum the letters B.M. are placed; while in other cases the quotation is given on the authority of the catalogues of noted collections now dispersed.

DEORVLF ON EO (B.M.)
DORVLF ON
DYRMOD ON EO

EO

(Rev. H. Christmas)

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Eadgar "the Peaceful," the brother of Eadwig, had been chosen king by Northumbria and Mercia before his brother's death; and Wessex then submitted to the king who had been already accepted in the north.

Of the common type with small cross in centre, coins are known to read:DVN MO EOFERPIC (B.M.)

HEROLF MONETA EB (J. H. Young, Esq.)
MANNA MO EOFERPI

TVMA MO EOFOR

(B.M.

In Hildebrand's Anglosachsisha Mynt, 2nd edition, two coins are described, which have on the obv. the king's bust to the left, within the outer circle, and on the rev. a small cross in the centre. The inscription is placed round the edge of the coin, outside the beaded inner circle. These two coins read :

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FASTOLF MO EFER.

PVLFRIC MO EFER.

EADWEARD II., 975-978.

On the death of Eadgar the thegns of Wessex wished to pass by Eadweard, and place on the throne his half-brother Ethelred, the son

of Eadgar's second wife Elfthryth. At this time legitimist principles of succession were not properly developed; so, when a king left more than one son, men thought themselves at liberty to follow the advice of Jehu, and to look out for "the best and meetest" of their master's sons, and to set him on his father's throne. But the thegns of Wessex were outwitted by Dunstan who hastened to crown Eadweard, son of Eadgar's first wife Ethelflaed. How, when he was only a youth of sixteen, Eadweard was murdered by order of Elfthryth at the gate of Corfe Castle, is well known. He was noted for his piety and amiability of disposition, which was a striking contrast to the character of his half-brother who succeeded him. On account of his untimely death he was surnamed "the Martyr," and was commemorated under that title on March 18th in the Sarum Calendar, whence his name was transferred, and still holds a place in the Prayer-Book of the English Church.

His York coins are all of the same type, and may be thus described: Obv. King's bust to left, within an inner circle.

Rev. A small cross in the centre, name of moneyer and mint outside the inner beaded circle.

The legends on the rev. are as follows:

COLGRIM MO EFE (Cap: R. M. Murchison.)

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SURCLOS MO EFER (Hildebrand)

With regard to the moneyers who are known to have worked for Eadweard, one if not more also struck coins for the previous king.

The foregoing list cannot be supposed to be complete, but it is hoped that it may be sufficient to throw a side-light on the early history of York. It is noteworthy that the names of nearly thirty moneyers who worked in that city from the reign of Eadweard the Elder to the close of the reign of Eadweard the Martyr, a period of 78 years, can be recovered from the coins. Probably the moneyers were local mint-masters who employed under-workmen, whilst they were personally responsible to the king for the fineness and weight of all coins struck from the dies entrusted to their care.

The name of the city sometimes appears in full, EOFERPIC; but only a moneyer like Dun could manage to get all the letters into the legend. Others who bore longer names, contented themselves with various abbreviations, such as EO, EOFE, EFER, EOFERC and EFORPIC. Some blundered legends give us EB, (the recurrence of this Latin form is probably a blunder), FERIC, and, on the retrograde coin of Elthelstan, OE.

Great care was taken that the metal should be pure and that the coins should be of full weight. And, except during the latter years of Henry VIII's and the early part of Edward VI's reign, the money of England has never been depreciated. Although moneyers were placed in towns far away from the centre of government, the supervision was so careful that fraud was seldom attempted, and when detected was

severely punished. The difficulty of communication between the various parts of England made the establishment of local mints almost a necessity in early times; and of the local mints the ancient capital of Northumbria was nearly the most important.

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THE BOY THAT BUILT A BRIDGE.-In the heart of Cleveland, in the gorge of the Esk, about nine miles from Whitby, in Yorkshire, the road from Egton into Glaisdale is carried over the turbulent river by a stone bridge. In the centre of a parapet, facing the roadway, one stone rises above the line and bears the monogram and date, “F., 1619."

About the year 1590, a poor orphan lad of Glaisdale, Thomas Ferris, had work on the Egton side of the dale, which he had to reach by crossing a ford here. Many a time was he deprived of his day's work-and consequently of his day's food-by the floods which rendered the ford impassable, and he was frequently obliged to beg his bread from the farmers. But with all the faith and confidence of boyhood he used to say, "When I get rich I will build a bridge there."

The boy went to Hull, got employment, worked with diligence and skill, prospered, became a respected citizen, and ultimately alderman and mayor. He did not forget his early difficulties or his early vow, and in due time constructed the stone bridge which bears his monogram, and which is known by the name of "The Beggar's Bridge,' the name being a further memorial of the deed. He also founded and endowed at Hull the charity called the "Trinity House" for the poor, and almshouses for twelve widows.

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He died in 1631, and lies buried in Trinity Church, at Hull, with a Latin epitaph, after the fashion of those times, containing a punning allusion to his own name, quod sum fueris.

Such was the beginning and end of Thomas Ferris-a name which surely ought to be held in grateful recollection-and his history furnishes one of many instances of self-made men, who, in adverse circumstances, by their own strong will, patience, and perseverance, have conquered obstacles and won prizes in life.

The bridge is in a most romantic spot, but the exquisite features of the landscape are now somewhat obscured by the railway which threads the valley, and still more by the huge furnaces of the Glaisdale iron-smelting works, which offend the woods by their clouds of black smoke.

CLARKE, CLOCKMAKER. At Dent, I saw a finely-carved oak “Grand father's Clock," dated H. W. 1660, which bore on its brass face the maker's name, William Clarke. It pointed out the time with the hour hand only. Where did Clarke live?

NETHERSIDE HALL, (see Frontispiece and page viii,) is the homestead of the Robinson-Atkinson Family, who have borne the surname of Nowell, from their maternal ancestor, since 1843. The hall and

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the picturesque glen are well-known objects to those Wharfedale. visitors who penetrate the upper reaches of the river.

CONISTON HALL is a modern mansion but is associated with a history that reaches back to pre-Norman times, having been King's land in Saxon days. At the Conquest, William the King obtained about half the manor, and the rest was held mostly by Roger of Poitou. The Normans held the manor for some centuries down to 1 Henry VIII, when it came to the Malhams, who disposed of it in 1665 to the Coulthursts. It has since been possessed by the Laycocks, Garforths, and Totties.

Notices of New Books.

Boston,

INDEX ARMORIAL to an emblazoned manuscript of the surname of French, Franc, Francis, &c. By A. D. Weld French. privately printed. 1892. (200 copies). 115 pages, about one-third being blank.

From the days of the Conqueror, the families of Francais, Frank, or French have been identified with Yorkshire, and Mr. Weld French refers to individuals in North Yorkshire, Pontefract, and East Yorkshire, in Norman times, including Umfridus, Radulphus, Walterus and Alanus le Franceys, between 1189-1275. Of their descendants, Mr. French (whose address is 160, State Street, Boston, Mass.,) will be pleased to have further notes. In the second part, the author has collected the numerous descriptions of coat armour, amongst which we find Franke, of Knighton; of Allingley; of Campsall; all co. York. A very neat and useful volume is the result.

REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES, INTERESTING DATES, AND CURIOUS InforMATION, (Local and General,) by the late John Wood. Penistone, John Wood, Market Place. 144 pages, illustrated. n.d.

This is a neat little book and will be of great use to the future historian of Penistone, as nearly every page is devoted to the history of that village and neighbourhood.

YE GUIDE TO YE ANCIENT MOORLAnd Town of PenISTONE, including Midhope and Langsett, the South Yorkshire Moors, Wharncliffe, &c. By John N. Dransfield. Penistone, John Wood, 1892. 28 pages. HISTORY OF PENISTONE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. By John N. Dransfield. Barnsley, Lingard, "Chronicle" Office, 1887; 20 pages, reprinted from the newspaper.

We always heartily welcome such pamphlets as these, for they are the precursors and earnest of more elaborate local histories.

THE LITERARY SHRINES OF YORKSHIRE. By J. A. Erskine Stuart, F.S.A.S. Longmans & Co., London, 1892. Printed by C. Greening, Bradford. Pp. xiv, 206.

This is a beautifully printed and well illustrated bibliographical book wherein the greatest Yorkshire writers are localized, and as a method of popularizing the study of Yorkshire bibliography we give it

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