planation I have ever heard is that windows were built so without any intention of imitating a fish head, but that being similar the form gave rise to the name, and afterwards to the monogram ΙΧΘΥΣ and the words of which that forms the initials, the form suggesting the name, and not the name Till I receive more definite instruction I should certainly deprecate any interference with the present shape of the window, though I should be glad of any further information. The restoration of the nave hitherto and now of the upper part of the high tower will not admit of much attention to the chancel window, I fear, at present.

the form. Is this so with horseshoe arches ?

LEONARD ADDISON.

POTATOES AS A Cure for RHEUMATISM (8th S. ix. 248).-MR. A. J. DAVY's curious little item of folk-lore is not unknown to me. Only a few weeks ago, a lady friend of mine was telling me of a

curious instance of this belief here in London. An

martyr to this troublesome malady. The result, be
amusingly declared, was favourable.
C. P. HALE.

graduate of Oxford, who used to carry in his
I knew a clergyman in the North of England, a
trousers pocket, and recommend to others, a potate
as a cure for rheumatism. I know not whence he
came originally, but he was a man of judgment
and intelligence on many matters. The effect of
the potato was, of course, wholly imaginary; it was
expected that as the potato shrank the pains would
diminish. This superstition shows that folk-lore
may gather around a plant of comparatively recent
introduction. An apple would, no doubt, do as
well, but I have never heard that it would.
J. T. F.

Winterton, Doncaster.

for a person suffering from rheumatic affections
It is a common custom in this neighbourhood
to carry a potato in his pocket. I have known
several individuals try the experiment, and have
seen the potatoes, after having been carried in their
pockets, perhaps, for months, dried up and shrunk
believe it to be a certain cure-one man, in parti-
to about the size of a large marble. Whilst some
cular, says he was a martyr to the complaint for
years, but since he has carried the potato has not
felt a twinge-others say they derive no benefit
from it.
THOS. H. BAKER.

old lady of her acquaintance is much subject to rheumatism, and when, on the last occasion of my friend's meeting her, the question of her health arose, she stated she was very much better, and ascribed her relief to the practice she had for some time past followed of carrying a potato in her pocket. She showed the potato, which she then had with her, to my friend, who described it as thoroughly hard, and for all the world like a stone. The old lady had the most implicit faith in the virtues of the potato as a cure for rheumatism, and stoutly maintained that her improvement was due This belief, or superstition, certainly prevails in thereto. From inquiries, I understand she is a Birmingham and the neighbourhood. I undernative of Suffolk, whence probably her knowledge stand that it is also to be found among the Dutch, of this belief may have been derived. But I do with this additional proviso-that the potato, in not think that the belief in the potato as a remedy order to work the desired effect, must be a begged for rheumatism is merely local; rather the contrary. or stolen one. It is, I think, Friend, in his Mr. T. F. Thiselton Dyer, M.A., in his 'Domestic Flowers and Flower-lore,' who speaks of the Folk-lore,' mentions, in his chapter on the folk-virtue assigned to the potato in Devonshire, not, lore of "Common Ailments," that:

"Professors of the healing art have advised the sufferer [from rheumatism] to carry about in his pocket the right fore-foot of a female hare, while others consider a potato equally efficacious."-P. 160.

From what I have at various times gleaned of this "charm-remedy," to use a name which Mr. Dyer applies to such remedies, my conclusion is that the notion is not uncommon. I have just been talking of the matter to a relative of mine, who in his younger days spent several years at sea. He tells me he remembers the superstition very well indeed, as far back as the fifties, and that he had known sailors who carried potatoes about in their pockets as a remedy for rheumatism. It was about this period he was in the north of England, where he on several occasions met with instances of the kind. Another remedy for the same complaint was, he said, to carry a small piece of alum in the pocket. This he ingenuously informed me he had done himself, although not a

Mere Down, Wiltshire.

however, against rheumatism, but against toothache; and he adds that a double nut is held equally efficacious. OSWALD HUNTER BLAIR, O.S.B. Fort Augustus, N.B.

PAQUANARISTS (8th S. ix. 348).—The Society of Jesus was temporarily suppressed for thirty years. Soon after 1790 the Abbé Prince Charles de Broglie conceived the idea of reviving the society in Germany under the name of "The Society of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary." The scheme was befriended by the Emperor, and severa! houses were opened in that country. The Abbé Paccanari, a native of the Trentino, also sought to revive the suppressed Society of Jesus under another name. Accordingly he founded the congregation of the "Regular Clerks of the Faith of Jesus," and in 1798, having obtained ecclesiastical approval for his project, he, with twelve companions, took possession of a country house at Spoleto and commenced a monastery. They wore the Jesuit

really the old name of what is called "porter." from Wiltshire, who, after making acquaintance The following history of its origin may be accept- with various parts of the metropolis, remarked, able: "What a number of tradesmen there are of the name of Entire!"

a more subtle combination of flavours than either of

A resident in Dublin informed me that at the time of the Great Exhibition in that city, he entertained a number of visitors, among whom was an

"It appears that in the early days of last century the lovers of malt liquors in London were accustomed to regale themselves upon three classes of these beverages; they had ale, beer, and twopenny. Many, who preferred these liquors alone could impart, would ask for half-and-old Presbyterian minister, who liked to prowl half-that is, half of ale and half of beer, half of ale and about the city by himself. On returning home half of twopenny, or half of beer and half of twopenny. one evening, his host found him reading the Bible, Others again-and these were the real connoisseurs of and the minister exclaimed, "I can't make it out malt liquors would call for a pot of three threads,' at all; I have read Genesis xxx. twice over, and or three thirds, i. e., one-third of ale, one-third of beer, and one-third of twopenny. The drawer would there. am none the wiser!" He then explained that a fore have to go to three different casks, and through large proportion of the shops in Dublin had three distinct operations, before he could draw a pint of "Genesis xxx." inscribed on them. Owing to his liquor. But the hour had come-and the man. One short-sightedness, he had mistaken Guinness's triple Ralph Harwood, whose name is too little known to an X, for Genesis xxx. C. TOMLINSON. ungrateful posterity of beer-drinking Britons, some time about the year 1730 kept a brewhouse on the east side of High Street, Shoreditch. In that year, or perhaps a little earlier, as this great man brooded over the inconvenience and waste occasioned by the calls for the three threads, which became more and more frequent, he conceived the idea of making a liquor which would combine in itself the several virtues of ale, beer, and twopenny. He carried the idea into action, and brewed a drink which he called 'Entire,' or 'Entire Butts.' It was tasted; it was approved; it became the fruitful parent of a mighty offspring; and from that day to this has gone on increasing in name and fame."-Bickerdyke, 'Curiosities of Ale and Beer,' p. 366.

46

The twopenny mentioned, I presume, is the twopenny purl" often mentioned in writers of about a century back. AYEAHR.

66

Highgate, N.

The explanation given in 'N. & Q.,' 1st S. ix. 235, is the correct one. Having a near relative a brewer, I can confidently state that the word has no reference to the fact of the public-house being either a brewer's or a 66 tied" house.

A. COLLINGWOOD LEE.

Waltham Abbey, Essex.
Dr. Brewer, in his 'Dict. of Phrase and Fable,'
explains this word as follows:-

ale and half porter."
"Ale, in contradistinction to 'cooper,' which is half
A. C. W.

CAPT. GEORGE FARMER (6th S. ii. 467, 522; iii. No more satisfactory explanation can be given 237; 7th S. iv. 409, 473, 537; vii. 158).—I have than that the word has continued by tradition recently discovered and purchased another enafter its reason and meaning are past. Several graving of the engagement between the Quebec persons, like MR. THOMAS himself, are unwilling and La Surveillante. The picture was painted by to accept this simple solution, and invent a fresh Robert Dodd (1748-1816 ?), and was engraved by meaning; nothing is more common in philology Robert Pollard. than this. Perhaps MR. THOMAS and his friends" To the Officers of the Royal Navy," and is stated The engraving was dedicated will explain the present meaning of the word to have been made from an original picture in the porter" as applied to a liquor. Once it meant possession of Andrew Lindegreen, Esq. I had at least, so we are told-that only porters drank it; never heard of this painting and engraving before, but now that other men do, what does it mean? and it is worth recording under this heading. This Surely its meaning must have altered; it must makes the fourth picture of the action known to have quite another meaning now, a totally dif- have been painted, and all inquiries have proved, ferent signification. C. F. S. WARren, M.A. and continue to prove, fruitless as to who are the Longford, Coventry. present owners of the originals. The painters of these four pictures are: (1) George Carter (engraving published 1 Oct., 1780); (2) Richard Paton (engraving by Fittler and Lerpiniere, published by John Boydell, 12 Dec., 1780); (3) Robert Dodd (engraving published 2 July, 1781); (4) William Elliott (see 7th S. vii. 158). The inquiry at the last reference, whether Elliott's picture has been engraved, has not been, so far, answered. I have the engravings of the other three. In the case of No. 2, the explanatory letterpress appended to the engraving is printed in English and French in parallel columns. I should be glad to learn if the engagement has been pictured by any other painters,

MR. THOMAS is correct as to the origin of this word; but its perpetuation appears to be in most cases the blind adaptation of a trade-mark, the real significance of which has passed away. Many firms adopt the original titles of their houses, such as Day & Martin's blacking, when both Day and Martin are no more. The ignorance of a shop title may be illustrated by the story of the draper who adopted the motto "Mens conscia recti," which his rival on the opposite side of the way expanded into "Men's and women's conscia recti." To show how little the word "entire" is understood, I may mention that, many years ago, I had a servant

NOTES ON BOOKS, &o. History of the Horn-Book. By Andrew W. Tuer, F.S.A. 2 vols. (Leadenhall Press.)

other countries, to judge by early engravings, the hornbook is a mere alphabetical tablet.

of

which one is spurious, or, to use a word in which Mr. In the British Museum are three complete horn-books, Tuer delectates, "a spuriosity," eleven are in the South

Kensington Museum, and three in the Bodleian. Others are, of course, in private hands. In the exhibition of the Company of Horners, held at the Mansion House, October, 1882, an attempt was made to collect as many horn-books as possible. Eight were obtained, half that number having been shown five years previously at the Caxton Celebration Exhibition. With the horn-book Mr. Tuer associates its immediate successor, the battledore, so called from the use in sport to which it was applied. The employment of the fescue, or pointer, with which the letters were pointed out by the boy or the master, seems to have begun shortly after that of the horn-book. A phrase from Wentworth Smith's 'Puritan,' quoted by Thomas Wright, and again by Mr. Tuer, is singular for a reference to the chriss cross row, and for its presumable oblique reference to Shakspeare: The feskewe of the Diall is upon the Chrisse-Crosse of Noone.

IT has long been known to students of literature in general and to antiquaries in particular that Mr. Tuer The price wholesale of horn-books in the seventeenth has been making collections with a view to publishing century seems to have been ordinarily from 10d. to a history of the horn-book. The work has now appeared 1s. 6d. per dozen. The fine horn-book lately in the Batein two superb volumes, elaborately illustrated by well-man Museum, Lomberdale House, Youlgrave, Derby. known artists and with every luxury of paper, type, shire, fully reproduced by Mr. Tuer, was, although decoration, and binding that the best taste and the very imperfect, sold at Sotheby's, 14 April, 1893, for most lavish outlay could secure. What is even more 65. Among horn-books with pedigrees is the beautiful important, the volumes are a product of earnest zeal and filigree silver horn-book, stated to have been given by exemplary erudition. Not a reference is there to the Queen Elizabeth to Lord Chancellor Egerton, the then horn-book in early literature or art that has not been owner of Tatton. Some doubt as to the date of this has copied; not a horn-book that is accessible but has been been expressed, but the statement insisted on by the investigated and full details concerning it supplied. Our present Lord Egerton of Tatton, that the origin of the best and largest collections of books, public and private, book is such as has been stated, wins Mr. Tuer's have been laid under contribution with the painful acquiescence. A genuine horn-book cruciform in shape fidelity of the herald and the flair of the collector. Mr. has never rewarded Mr. Tuer's explorations. One came Tuer has explored all possible and impossible sources, within his ken, see the Athenæum, 12 May, 1894. It the result being a harvest so full that nothing is appa- was in the hands of an English dealer, who sold it to a rently left behind for the new comer to glean. Finality French dealer, and it is now inaccessible. A represenis, of course, to be reached in no human labour; and tation of it, from the description of the dealer in question, there is, in fact, information yet to be obtained for is given. Proof how assiduous Mr. Tuer has been, and which, with a view to a possible second edition, Mr. Tuer how he has, to use his own words, pestered every body to would be thankful. Little temptation is, however, whom he could obtain access, is shown in the fact that offered for diligent search. A chance exists that among he has succeeded in tracing one hundred and fifty hornthe lumber of some long disused school-house or else books in place of the eight or ten previously supposed to where a batch of horn-books might be discovered. be in existence. Descriptions of these are furnished, Apart, however, from the many risks of injury or de- and in most cases facsimile illustrations are given. Nos struction that beset works of the kind, the fact that the least interesting part of the work is the reproduction the horn-book was more often in the bands of pupils in facsimile of specimens of horn-books-horn and allthan of teachers, and likely to be destroyed as rubbish and of the A B C battledores by which they were folso soon as no longer required, militates against the lowed, which are "nested in the covers." The illusprobability of such a find. trations, three hundred in all, deal principally with hornbooks, but include three dozen full-page designs, by artists of name, representing social subjects of which the horn-book forms the theme. Among the illustrators are Mr. Ambrose Dudley, Mr. Linley Sambourne, Mr. Phil May, Miss Levetus, Miss Light, Miss France, and very many others. The volumes are exquisite in get-up, and are bound in old-fashioned thick vellum.

Dr. J. A. H. Murray, who has placed at Mr. Tuer's disposal advance slips concerning the horn-book collected "for that student's treasure-house of the English language the New English Dictionary,'" finds refer ences to the horn-book become suddenly plentiful at the end of the sixteenth century, and opines that it "looks as if the word could not be much older, or as if the thing came in about that time." Mr. Tuer is disposed to believe that the horn-book was invented at an earlier period, but was not generally used until the close of the sixteenth century. The earliest record he finds of a real horn-book faced with horn, and not a mere alphabetical tablet, is about 1450. The earliest were, he says, in black letter, though, after its introduction in 1467, Roman type was in all probability soon employed. The horn-book proper, with a sheet of horn forming a component part, "is peculiar to English-speaking peoples." It has been extensively used here and in America. In

་

It is impossible even to enumerate the incidental or collateral subjects treated of by Mr. Tuer. Few chapters will inspire more general interest than those on the horn-book in literature and in art. Very many references to writers, including Shakspeare, Wild of the Iter Boreale,' Bunyan, Locke, Shenstone, Cowper, &c., are collected, and allusions in folk-speech are diligently quoted. One is apt to wonder whether some of the nursery rhymes collected by Halliwell, such as "Great A, little a, bouncing B," refer to horn-books. Wm. Hone, the parodist, collected materials with a view to a

history of horn-books. Such of his collections as are
available have been used by Mr. Tuer. There is little
need for us to commend to our readers a sound piece of
antiquarian exploration, which throws a strong light
upon English education during a couple of centuries
and will commend itself to all who, in the race of life,
instead of joining in the struggle, love to linger in con-
templation of the past.

The Astronomy in Milton's Paradise Lost.' By Thomas
N. Orchard, M.D. (Longmans & Co.)
THE astronomical allusions in the grandest poem in our
language are numerous and interesting; their exposition
and illustration form the principal subject of the work
before us. It is evident that though Milton's descrip-
tions are founded on the old Ptolemaic theory, the beauty
of the Copernican system was present to his mind, and
he foresaw that it must ultimately prevail. In his early
days he had seen and conversed with Galileo, to whose
discoveries there are references in Paradise Lost.' Mr.
Masson had already treated of this in the preface to his
edition of Milton. But Dr. Orchard has managed to
introduce into his volume a very lucid and able sketch
of the later developments of astronomy under the dif-
ferent heads of the departments referred to by the poet.
The Reliquary and Illustrated Archeologist. April.
(Bemrose & Sons.)
THE first paper is by the editor, Mr. Romilly Allen. It
relates to the cup-and-ring markings which exist in the
neighbourhood of Ilkley. The illustrations are numerous
and for the most part all that could be desired. It is
much to be wished that every one of these curious
sculptures should be put beyond possibility of loss by its
memory being preserved by some one of the many pro-
cesses by which we are now able to make permanent
pictures. Several have perished during quite modern
days, and the work of destruction still goes on. One of
the most interesting objects of this kind owes its preser-
vation to the enthusiasm of Dr. Fletcher Little, whose
zeal on behalf of our national antiquities will not, we
hope, be forgotten. We wish the wealthy inhabitants of
the neighbourhood had a share of it. The writer asks a
pertinent question, which we have pleasure in repro
ducing. "What will posterity say," he inquires, "of the
rich mill-owners of Yorkshire, who allowed the site on
which it stood to be built over, when a comparatively
small sum would have enabled it to be preserved as one
of the most valuable ancient monuments of Great
Britain?" The stone is preserved, and is, we are thank-
ful to believe, out of danger; but it has lost much of its
interest by being removed from the spot where it had
rested for untold ages. Cup-and-ring sculptures exist in
many parts of Europe. That they are very old we all
know;
but their date and the races by which they were
made are still moot questions. Mr. Allen thinks the
simpler ones may be of the end of the Neolithic period,
as they are found on the dolmens of Brittany, Wales, and
Scandinavia; but he holds that the more elaborate speci-
mens belong to the Bronze period. It is much to be
desired that some man or some body of men would under-
take a work on cup-and-ring sculptures, in which every
known example should be figured. A better instance of
what we mean cannot be pointed out than the late
Prof. George Stephens's magnificent folios entitled Old
Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and Eng-
land.' If the student had such a work on his table he
would be enabled to classify these monuments-which is
hardly possible at present-and, having done so, might
probably arrive at a knowledge of their date and object.
They are commonly regarded as having some religious
signification, an opinion we hold ourselves; but such an
interpretation is very far as yet from being demonstrated.

Mr. Alfred W. Johnston has contributed an exhaustive paper on 'The Dwarfie Stone of Hoy, in Orkney.' Sir Walter Scott was much interested in it, as have been many other antiquaries of earlier and later days. Its object, however, still continues to be a mystery. Among the "Archæological Notes," with which the Reliquary is always well furnished, is a letter from General Pitt Rivers, describing a Roman roof-tile which has recently been found at Iwerne, the Roman Ibernum, It bears a mark of a cross within a circle, made, before the tile was baked, by the finger in the soft clay. It cannot have been put there for ornament, as its place would be the top of a house, where it could not be seen. The General thinks that it is a symbol of his religion marked by some Christian, who regarded it as a charm. Should his interpretation be correct- - and we see no reason for calling it in question-this is an interesting discovery, for there have hitherto been found but very few undoubted relics of the Christianity of the Roman period in this island.

THE Journal of the Ex-Libris Society for May opens with a notice, by the editor, of the Coffin book-plates, and reproduces, as an illustration, the fine Pine Coffin plate. In 'Stock Patterns in Book-plates' Mr. W. Bolton deals with the Chippendale, the favourite style, it is said, with forty out of fifty book-plate collectors. The beautiful plate of Francis, afterwards Sir Francis, Baring furnishes an apt illustration. The Bradford Free Public Library plate is also produced. The editor is justly severe upon those who, in arraigning the collection of book-plates, show complete ignorance of the kinds of knowledge involved in its prosecution, and who forget that heraldry, especially, is an exact science.

A SUBSCRIPTION is being made for the purpose of putting in order the grave of Henry Vaughan the Silurist, and erecting a tablet to his memory. About forty pounds, of which thirty-three are subscribed, is required. Readers willing to share in this act of pious homage should write to Mr. A, H. Bullen, 16, Henrietta Street, W.C.

Mr. A. Č. Jonas has been the victim of a somewhat WE regret to hear that our friend and contributor serious accident, having been thrown out of his carriage.

Fotices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith,

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately.

To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate."

F. H. ("Arrow").-The information is to be found. the New English' and 'Century' dictionaries. Much trouble might be avoided by correspondents searching for themselves.

NOTICE.

Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of 'Notes and Queries'"-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.

We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception.