NOTES.

P. 1. But leave that to the laws.] In this speech against Æschines for misconduct as an ambassador (Falsa Legatio), Demosthenes says: 'There is nothing in the world more to be guarded against than allowing any one to be exalted above the people. . . . Where did Callistratus exercise his sway? In the popular assembly. In courts of justice no man up to the present day has had an authority greater than yourselves, or the laws, or your oaths.'-Kennedy's Translation, p. 210.

In such order.] The arrangement of the topics in this speech, considered abstractedly, is very faulty; the small technical question should have been disposed of before the great question on the merits, or reserved for the last. But being weak upon that point, Demosthenes naturally gave it the least prominent position-in the middle.

In the beginning of his defence on the Falsa Legatio, Æschines apologises for the order in which he is about to advance the different topics of his speech.

P. 2. Ctesiphon.] This person had not been an invariable supporter of Demosthenes. He is mentioned in Dem. Fals. Leg. as having brought reports from Macedon without a word of truth, along with Aristodemus and Neoptolemus, both of whom are mentioned in this Speech on the Crown. (Kennedy, Translation, pp. 123, 215.) He is also mentioned in Æschines (Fals. Leg.) as having gone ambassador to Philip to get back the ransom paid for Phryno, who was taken by robbers in the Olynthian truce. In his speech against Ctesiphon, Æschines most amusingly describes him and Demosthenes as each afraid that the safety of their common cause would be compromised by the other.

Which give a prosecutor, as the first speaker, such an instrument of strength.] Among modern advocates an excessive importance is

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attached to having the last word. Demosthenes is probably right in attaching the greatest weight to the opportunity of making the first impression.

P. 4. On former occasions.] These are particularly specified in the latter part of the speech, pp. 32-75.

Extraordinary simplicity.] The different shades of meaning expressed in the original of these words is such, that it is impossible to do full justice to the antithesis. Leland forcibly translates it, 'your understanding is as depraved as your heart.'

To preclude any man from being heard in public.] This alludes to the passage in Eschines' speech for the prosecution, where he invites the audience not to allow Ctesiphon to bring forward Demosthenes as his advocate. It appears from the speech on the Fals. Leg. that an accused person might plead his own cause, and also introduce friends to speak for him.

P. 5. It is impossible that the present indictment can be brought against Ctesiphon on my account, unless, &c.] This translation sets out the argument at greater length than the original. Demosthenes is endeavouring to show that Eschines, by proceeding against Ctesiphon, confesses he has no case against Demosthenes, and that, as he can have none against Ctesiphon unless he has also against Demosthenes, he can have none at all. The original is very awkward and elliptical, for the speaker felt obliged to hurry over such dangerous ground, lest the audience might have time to perceive, what it was his object to keep out of view, that on the technical charge of proposing to proclaim the crown in an illegal way, Ctesiphon might be liable to proceedings while Demosthenes was not.

It seems monstrous.] The termination of so many of the most highly wrought and impressive passages in this speech by a sentence of very few words is most remarkable.

P. 6. To go into the details one by one.] The charges brought by Eschines are by no means exhaustively examined, especially those of having taken bribes. They may have been considered as disposed of by the appeal just made to the audience.

Philocrates.] Thus spoken of by Demosthenes, Fals. Leg.: 'What man in the commonwealth should you say was the most odious blackguard with the largest stock of impudence and insolence? Not one of you, I am certain, could even by mistake name

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any other than Philocrates' (Kennedy, p. 180); and again, 'who loves the fellowship of Philocrates, I am assured he has received money, like Philocrates who confesses it' (Ibid. 192). In other parts of the same speech he is spoken of as the 'odious' Philocrates, the 'beastly' Philocrates, and the 'profligate' Philocrates.

Planted himself everywhere amongst us.] See the Second Olynthiac Oration, p. 2.

P. 7. Aristodemus.] Mentioned in the note on Ctesiphon, above. He is apostrophised in the Fourth Philippic as the representative of the apathetic politicians of Athens, and a vehement remonstrance addressed to him. It is said in Æschines (Fals. Leg.), that after he had proposed the peace, Demosthenes moved that he should be crowned.

P. 9. It was Philip's interest.] This passage appears with slight variation, in Demosthenes, Fals. Leg.-Kennedy, pp. 163 and 167. Serrium, Myrtenus, and Ergisce.] Serrium is mentioned, along with Ergisce, in the Third Olynthiac, p. 5.

P. 11. Opposition and hostility.] The order of these words in the original Greek is inverted. Kennedy justly observes that the Greeks did not attach so much importance to a climax as we do. In narrating the same story in the Fals. Leg., Demosthenes particularises at length his part in the transaction. He says, 'I was constantly speaking and giving my opinion, as in consultation, afterwards by way of instruction, to ignorant men; lastly, as if I were addressing venal and impious wretches without any reserve.' He was in fact one of the embassy: the decree just given, which omits his name, is not authentic.

P. 12. To call in your effects from the country.] Stated, with other particulars, Kennedy, Dem. Fals. Leg. p. 145. In the assembly in which the Athenians decided to follow the advice of Eschines as narrated in the text, Demosthenes desired to speak in opposition, and was not allowed. (See Kennedy, Fals. Leg. p. 134.)

P. 13. Philip's confederate and coadjutor we have here.] These words are followed in the original by eight words, again recounting the part taken by Eschines in the transaction which Demosthenes had only just described. It is so obvious that this transaction is alluded to in the first words of the sentence, that the only effect of repeating the particulars seems to be to weaken the wonderful vehemence of the speech.

P. 14. A farm in Baotia.] In the same way, Lasthenes is said, in the Fals. Leg., to have roofed his house with timber from Macedon. It seems strange, in modern times, that this transaction was so little circuitous.

Detestable Thessalians.] This people are described by Demosthenes, at the end of the First Olynthiac, as ‘a people remarkable for their perfidy on all occasions and to all persons.' Of the Thebans he has spoken in his other speeches far more severely than he does in this, in which the short-lived alliance with Thebes, as a last hope for the liberties of Greece, is a point on which he founds his claim to approbation as a statesman.

Subjected to hostilities.] In the Third Philippic, Demosthenes says, Philip managed so that he could make war on Athens, and yet she should not make war on him.

A mere dislike to move.] So in the third Philippic, ovrw μeižov ἰσχύει ἡ παραυτίχ ̓ ἡδονὴ καὶ ῥᾳστώνη τοῦ ποθ ̓ ὕστερον συνοίσειν μAλórToç. This sentence is a very remarkable parallel to the words of Thucydides, οὕτως ἀταλαίπωρος τοῖς πολλοῖς ἡ ζήτησις τοῦ ἀλη θοῦς καὶ πρὸς τὰ ἕτοιμα μᾶλλον τρέπονται,

P. 15. Lasthenes.] The death of this person is alluded to in the Oration on the State of the Chersonese. He is said to have suffered cruelly. He is mentioned in the concluding passage of the Fals. Leg. as an exemplary traitor.

P. 16. Discharged over me the stale dregs of his own rascality.] This is Liddell and Scott's rendering, as near to a satisfactory version probably as any that could be produced.

Mutual friendship and hospitality.] Kennedy truly remarks, 'the word in the original does not admit of being translated into 'English;' and illustrates it by the following quotation: 'Sicilia cannot show himself over-kind to Bohemia. They were trained 6 together in their childhoods; and there rooted betwixt them then such an affection as cannot choose but branch now. Since their more mature dignities and royal necessities made separation of 'their society, their encounters, though not personal, have been royally attorneyed, with interchange of gifts, letters, loving embassies, that they have seemed to be together, though absent; 'shook hands as over a vast; and embraced, as it were, from the 'ends of opposed winds.'-Winter's Tale, act i. sc. 1.

To get in my harvest.] The original word, reaper, may be

used either to signify the very commonest kind of services performed for hire, or, perhaps rather, the peculiar nature of the services rendered by Eschines to Macedon.

[An exclamation] Well! you have got your answer.] The following is Leland's note on this passage:- Commentators seem sur'prised at the boldness and success of this appeal. Some tell us 'that the speaker was hurried into the hazardous question by his 'impetuosity; some that his friend Menander was the only person 'who returned the answer he desired; others, again, that he pro'nounced falsely on purpose, and that the assembly intended but 'to correct his pronunciation when they echoed back the word powróc, hireling. But the truth is, he was too much interested ❝in the present contest to be really transported beyond the strictest 'grounds of prudence and caution; he was too well supported to 'rely upon a single voice, if such could be at all heard in the 'assembly; and he had too much good sense to recur to a ridiculous and childish artifice. The assembly to which he addressed 'himself was quite of a different kind from one of our modern courts 'of law, where order and decorum are maintained. The audience

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6 were not at all concerned to suppress the emotions raised in 'them by the speaker; and Demosthenes had a large party present 'who, he was well assured, would return the proper answer loudly.'

P. 17. Even greater honours.] This expression, somewhat defiant and hazardous in the mouth of a person situated as Demosthenes was, suggests a reference to a similar passage in Burke's Letter to a noble Lord:-'I have not had more than sufficient. My exertions, whatever they may have been, were such as no hopes of pecuniary reward could possibly excite, and no pecuniary compensation can possibly reward them. When I say I have not received more than I deserve, is this the language I hold to majesty? Before that presence I claim no merit all. One style to a gracious benefactor, another to a proud insulting foe.'

Read the indictment.] This indictment is a beautiful specimen of brevity and perspicuity. The manner in which it was to be dealt with by the judges will be considered in a note to the argurient of Demosthenes on the technical points. It will be observed that Demosthenes takes credit for disposing of the different points in the same order in which they arise on the indictment. In point of form perhaps he does, although he recurs to his first topic after he has disposed of the others. The most convenient method would have been that proposed by