hikk as well as ikk, 'one' (the latter being of course, a mere vulgarism, as is hachhchhā for achhchha, etc.). § 2. PRONOUNS. Mai is used in obl. instead of mai, as well as in the nom. and agential: e.g. mai nũ kahiā for mai nu kihā. So also tai for tai in 2nd pers. sing.: asã, 1st pl. for asă, and also for asa nai (asi): tusã for tuha, tuha nai, tusī, etc. In place of the usual forms of the 3rd sing., a shortened form -su, or -os is used (=us nai and us nũ), which is attached as an enclitic termination to other words, especially to verbs (vide such forms as RAKHKHIOS under Verbs), e.g. nāhisu — nāhī us nai. Unhã is used for unhĩ or unhã nai. Koi is used, with an alternative form kāī, which is also used for the plural kai. Its obl. is kise or kite. Kaun has generally kit in the oblique, as So has tit. As well as kuchh we find the forms kujh, kichh, kichhu, and even the Braj Bhāshā kachhu. § 3. VERBS. 1. Aorist. The aorist has a considerable variety of forms: e.g. for awe, 3rd sing., we find awai and āwī as well as the regular form; and in most verbs which end in a in the stem, instead of w being inserted before the aorist terminations, h is put in, as in, as in Braj Bhāshā, e.g. dehe, deho, laho for dewe, dewo, lao (leo). This occurs in the Imperative also. In the 3rd sing. aor. when w (or h) is not inserted, the termination is often -i (hoi, etc.), cf. the Hindi -y (hoy pronounced hoe). The form -ie of the 1st pl. often becomes -īai as in Braj, e.g. karīai=karīe. 2. Infinitive. The infinitive in verbs which in the Eastern dialect end in -āunā take āwanā instead in Lahindā. In the infinitives the final -ā is often omitted. 3. Present Part.-In verbs in which the Lah. Infinitive ends in -awna (Eastern -auña), the pres. part in Lah. is -ãwadā or -ǎwidā: e.g. gawāuǹā (Lah. gawāwanā), pres. part. gawaidā; khawaidā for khawāundā; āwadā (fr. āwanā=aunā, to come)=āundā. 4. Conjunctive Participle, or Perfect Part. Act.-The optional longer form in -i (e.g. kahi ke for kah ke) is much used in Lah. as older than the shorter form. It may be used without -ke or -kar as in Hindi. In the preference for the longer form in -i (e.g. pachhāni, hỏi jāwegā, jāi kar, etc.), Lah. resembles Braj Bhāshā. 5. Imperative. In the 2nd Sing. the termination -u is very common, e.g. dehu (deh), rahu (rah), karu (kar), but may be omitted. In other instances -i is added, as khāhi as well as khā for the usual Panj. khāh or khāhu. (See also under Aorist.) 6. Past Tense and past part. pass.-Such old forms as lītā for lia are much used: also kahia for kihā, rahiā for rihā, paia for piā (from painā), etc.; khādā is used for khādhā, from khāwanā, to eat (Eastern Panj. khānā). The fem., besides changing -ā into -ī, sometimes adds another -ã to that, as kītīā for kītī (from karnā). But the most noticeable peculiarity about the past tense is that, when the pronoun of the 3rd pers. sing. is used with it, either as agent or object (direct or indirect), the verb and pronoun are united in a remarkable way, as will be seen from the examples that follow, e.g., kahiā us nũ or kahia us nai becomes kahios; so also kītos=us nai kītā or us nũ kītā; ditos=us nai dittā or us nũ dittā; ākhios=us nai or us nu ākhiā, etc. In these forms the o arises from the fusion of the final -a of the verb with the initial u of the pronoun. So also in the pres. perf. we find khaṭṭiā haisu for us nai khaṭṭiā hai, etc. 7. Future. The regular Panjābī (Eastern) future may be used; but there are other forms also which must be noticed. One is produced by the insertion of -I before the future terminations without any apparent change of meaning, e.g. kaṭṭīegā for kaṭṭegā, pheriange, waṛiange, for pherange, waṛange. But the most remarkable is the retention of the use of s in the future, as in Sanskrit. This is used with all kinds of verbs. The following comparative table may be of interest : In this form of the Western Panjābī future no gender distinction appears. 8. Other irregularities.—The verb hoǹā has āhā in the past for sā, f. sing. 3rd pers. āhī; masc. pl. ahe, f. pl. āhīã. When sa is used, it becomes in masc. pl. sẽ for se: nā āhā is contracted into nāhā. In the present tense also the 3rd sing. is often hai as well as hai, the 3rd plur. generally haini for han, sometimes hain (cf. Sindhī term. -ani in 3rd pl. of aor.). Asi ha is contracted into asă, as karde asã for asĩ karde hã. Daega occurs for dewegā, jano for jāno, hoigā for howegā [hosī for howegā, āwasī for āwegā or āwegī, etc., v. 7], and jāie is used in our extracts for ho jāie. Other peculiarities of the Western Panjabi dialects the student will easily master as he progresses in his knowledge of the spoken language. |