ALEXANDRIA. Water Supply of Alexandria. The Builder, vol. 43, p. 232.

Women in Alexandria. Catholic World, vol. 32, p. 563.

ALEXANDRIA HARBOUR. Hydrographic Notice. [No. 1.] Mediterranean Sea. Alexandria Harbour. London, [1857.] 8°. ALEXANDRIAN CHRISTIANITY. North British Review, vol. 23, p. 393.

ALEXANDRIAN CHRONICLE. Chronicon Alexandrinum, idemque astronomicum et ecclesiasticum (vulgo Siculum, seu Fasti Siculi)... ex Græco manuscripto Latine redditum opera et studio M. Raderi. See LA BIGNE (M. de). Magna Bibliotheca, etc. Tom. 15. 1618, etc. fol.

Chronicon Alexandrinum, etc. See LA BIGNE (M. de). Maxima Bibliotheca veterum Patrum, etc. Tom. 12. 1677, etc. fol.

Пaoɣaliov seu Chronicon Paschale, a mundo condito ad Heraclii Imp. annum xx. ... post C. Du Fresnii-Du Cangii curas ad exemplar Vaticanum recensuit L. Dindorfius. Gr. and Lat. See MIGNE (J. P.). Patrologiæ Cursus completus... series Græca. Tom. 92. 1857, etc. 4°.

Chronicon Alexandrinum idemque astronomicum et ecclesiasticum (vulgo Siculum seu Fasti Siculi) [attributed to George of Pisidia]. Græcè cum Latina interpretatione vulgatum opera et studio M. Raderi. Gr. and Lat. Monachii, 1615. 4°.

Πασχαλιον, seu Chronicon Paschale a mundo condito ad Heraclii imperatoris annum vicesimum opus hactenus Fastorum Siculorum nomine laudatum, deinde Chronicæ temporum epitomes... lemmate vulgatum [attributed to George of Pisidia, Archbishop of Alexandria]... Auctius, etc. prodit, cum nova Latina versione et notis curâ C. Du Fresne. Gr. & Lat. See Corpus Byzantinæ Historiæ. Gr. & Lat. 1648, etc. fol.

...

Пlaoxaliov, seu Chronicon Paschale, etc. See Corpus Byzantina Historiæ. Gr. & Lat. fol. 1729, etc.

Chronicon Paschale. Ad exemplar Vaticanum recensuit L. Dindorfius. [With a Latin translation and commentary by C. du Fresne, Seigneur du Cange.] See Corpus scriptorum Historia Byzantinæ. Gr. and Lat. Pars 9. 1828, etc. 8°.

Anonymi chronicum Siculum ab anno DCCCXX. usque ad MCCCXXVIII. jam ab Durando et Martenio, inde a Muratorio editum, nunc vero emendatius, etc. See GREGORIO (R.) Bibliotheca scriptorum qui res in Sicilia. gestas... retulere, etc. Tom. 2. 1791, etc.

fol.

ALEXANDRIAN CODEX. 1°. Codex Alexandrinus. 3 vol.; from fac-simile (metal) types. Edited by the Rev. H. H. Baber. London (Trustees of the British Museum), 1810, etc. fol.

2o. Codex Alexandrinus. 4 vol. Photographic facsimile, taken by the Autotype Company. Edited by E. M. Thompson. London (Trustees of the British Museum), 18791883. fol.

[This celebrated manuscript of the Old and New Testaments, in Greek, is preserved in the British Museum. It was sent by Cyrillus Lucaris, patriarch, first of Alexandria, then of Constantinople, as a present to Charles I., who placed it in the royal library in 1628; and it continued there until that collection was removed to the British Museum, in 1753. The history of the Ms. before its transfer to Charles 1. is involved in uncertainty. For some time the received account was, that it was written in Egypt by a woman named Thecla, in the latter half of the fourth century, and was brought from Alexandria by Cyrillus. This minute specification of name and date rests entirely on two documents affixed to the book itself; one a short note in Arabic, merely stating that, according to tradition, the book was written by the martyr Thecla. The other is a Latin autograph of Cyrillus, of which this is a literal translation: "This book of the Old and New Testament, as we have it from tradition, was written by the hand of Thecla, a noble Egyptian woman, about 1300 years ago, a little after the Council of Nicæa. The name of Thecla was written at the end of the book: but on the extinction of Christianity in Egypt by the Mohammedans, the books of the Christians were reduced to the same condition. The name, therefore, of Thecla has disappeared and is torn out, but memory and recent tradition preserve it.Cyrillus, Patriarcha Constanti." The high character of Cyrillus places him above the suspicion of intentional fraud: but his statement is vague and unsatis factory. A passage in the letters of John Rudolph Wetstein has been brought forward to convict Cyrillus of inaccuracy: in this the writer asserts on the authority of Matthæus Muttis, his instructor in Greek, who had been ordained deacon by Cyrillus, that the patriarch brought the manuscript from one of the monasteries on Mount Athos, well known as a great repository and manufactory of Greek Mss. Cyrillus passed some time at Mount Athos before he went to Alexandria, so that he may have brought it originally from Mount Athos, and yet have taken it from Alexandria to Constantinople; and, further, he does not say that he brought it from Alexandria, though his note, above quoted, indicates that it was written, or at least had been deposited, in Egypt. This is rendered probable by internal evidence. The real age and value of this Ms. have been much controverted. By some commentators it is said to be the oldest and most valuable copy of the New Testament in existence: others deny its very remote antiquity, and equally depreciate its merit. Mill and Woide admit the date assigned by Cyrillus. Oudin would bring it down even to the tenth century. Michaelis thinks its date cannot be ascertained within a period of about 200 years, and that it cannot be older than the sixth, nor later than the eighth century. Its authority is as much controverted as its age. Mill believes it to be the most perfect copy existing of the Apostolic text. Wetstein and Michaelis alike speak slightingly of its readings. Griesbach asserts that it follows three different editions: the Byzantine in the Gospels; the Western in the Acts and Catholic Epistles; and the Alexandrine in the Epistles of St. Paul. These points have been minutely discussed by Dr. Woide, formerly librarian of the British Museum, in the preface to the facsimile of the New Testament which

he published. As might be expected, he is a staunch advocate of the excellence of this MS. A second edition of the preface (Notitia Codicis Alexandrini') was published by Spohn, who controverted many of Woide's opinions, showed that the Ms. was by no means free from blunders of transcription, and reduced both its age and authority to a much lower standard. It has received great attention from biblical critics, and has been collated, among other persons, by Mill, Wetstein, and by Woide, who has given a very copious and complete collection of its variations from the received text as edited by Mill. This is to be found in a cheaper form in Spohn's edition of the 'Notitia,' Lipsia, 1788. The Ms. is contained in four volumes, of the shape and size of large quarto, of which the New Testament fills the last. It is written on vellum, in double columns, in uncial or capital letters, without spaces between the words, accents, or marks of aspiration. The letters are round and well formed. Some words are abbreviated, but they are not very numerous. There is a variety in the colour of the ink and formation of the letters, which indicates that it was not all written by the same hand. The Ms. is on the whole in good condition; but sometimes the ink has eaten through the parchment so as to leave holes, in which, however, the shape of the letters can generally be traced; sometimes the ink itself has scaled off. It has suffered more seriously from the loss of the upper corner of the inner margin, which has been shaven off,-why, or by what accident, it is not easy to guess. Sometimes only the margin has suffered, and the text is untouched; sometimes the beginning or end of eight, ten, or more lines is destroyed. The New Testament has been more injured from this cause than the Old. St. Matthew is wanting up to chap. xxv. 6, where it begins with the word EEEPXEZOE: there are also chasms in St. John, from vi. 50 to viii. 52, and in 2 Cor., from iv. 10 to xii. 7. The New Testament has been more fully described, and more carefully collated than the Old; from which, however, Grabe published his splendid edition of the Old Testament, Oxford, 1717-20. They are uniform in appearance and execution, but the Old Testament seems to be in rather better condition. Here and there a leaf has been partially destroyed. It contains, besides all the canonical and most of the apocryphal books found in our editions, the third and fourth books of the Maccabees, the Epistle of Athanasius to Marcellinus, prefixed to the Psalms, and fourteen hymns, the eleventh in honour of the Virgin. Ecclesiasticus, the Song of the Three Children, Susanna, and Bel and the Dragon, do not appear to have formed part of the collection. The New Testament contains the genuine Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians, and part of the other which has been attributed to him. This is the only known manuscript in which the genuine Epistle exists. For more minute information, see Woide's Notitia,' especially as edited by Spohn; Michaelis's Introduction to the New Testament; and the Prolegomena of Mill, Wetstein, Grabe, and Baber. Other commentators, &c., are: Walton, Ussher, Gale, Tischendorf, Alford, and Lightfoot.]

public libraries at Athens. Demetrius was appointed superintendent of the new establishment, and busied himself in collecting the literature of all nations, Jewish, Chaldee, Persian, Ethiopian, Egyptian, &c., as well as Greek and Latin. Some authors assert that before his death he had brought together 200,000 volumes; but Eusebius says, with more probability, that at the death of Ptolemy Philadelphus, which occurred later, there were but 100,000 volumes in the library. It was situated in the quarter of Alexandria called Bruchion. Philadelphus purchased the library of Aristotle (Athenæus, b. i.). Ptolemy Euergetes, who succeeded Philadelphus and was a warm patron of learning, also took a great pleasure in increasing the library. In the reign of Ptolemy Epiphanes, Eumenes, king of Pergamus, established a rival library. The Egyptian monarch, in a fit of jealousy, forbade the exportation of papyrus from his dominions; and the invention of parchment, or perhaps the improvement of this material (charta Pergamena), was the consequence. (Pliny.) Ptolemy Physcon (or Euergetes II.) was also a great book collector; and is said to have commenced a second library, probably that which was placed in the Serapeion, or temple of Serapis, in a different quarter of the city. It is said that during his reign all books brought into Egypt were seized, and sent to the Museum, as it was called, where they were transcribed, and the copies delivered to the owners, while the originals were detained in the library. Almost all the Ptolemies were patrons of learning; and at last the Alexandrian Library is said to have amounted to 700,000 volumes. It is to be recollected that the rolls (volumina) spoken of contained far less than a printed volume: as, for instance, the Metamorphoses' of Ovid, in fifteen books, would make fifteen volumes; and one Didymus is said by Athenæus to have written 3500 volumes. This consideration will bring the number assigned at least within the bounds of credibility. In the siege of Alexandria by Julius Cæsar, the library in Bruchion was burnt by a fire which spread from the shipping to the town, and 400,000 volumes perished. (Seneca; Orosius, lib. vi.) The library of the Serapeion is said to have been also burnt in this siege; but this has been disputed. If burnt, at least it was very soon re-established; and there is reason to presume that the diligence of the learned men, who frequented and were attached to these establishments, would preserve some part of their contents to aid in the formation of the new library, to which Marc Antony presented, through Cleopatra, the whole collection of Pergamus, amounting to 200,000 volumes. Gibbon (chap. xxviii.) asserts that the old library was totally consumed, and that this gift was the foundation of the new one, which continued to increase in size and reputation for four centuries, until, at the destruction of the Serapeion by Theophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria, it was dispersed, A.D. 390. That this was the case we learn from Orosius, who visited the place twenty years afterwards, and saw the empty cases (lib. vi.). Still the library was re-established; and Alexandria con tinued to flourish as one of the chief seats of literature, till it was conquered by the Arabs, A.D. 640. The library was then burnt, according to the story generally believed, in consequence of the fanatic decision of the Caliph Omar: "If these writings of the Greeks agree with the Book of God, they are useless and need not be preserved: if they disagree, they are pernicious and ought to be destroyed." Accordingly, it is said, they were employed to heat the 4,000 baths of the city; and such was their number, that six months were barely sufficient for the consumption of this precious fuel. (Gibbon, chap. li.) Gibbon has employed his ingenuity to discredit this account, which in itself appears by no means improbable. The library was, at all events, dispersed, if not destroyed; it ceased to exist as a public institution. On this point see L. A. Wheatley's paper" Was the Alexandrian Library burnt by the Mahometans?" (The Bibliographer, No. 25, Dec. 1883, vol. v., pp. 3-5.) Connected with the library

of Bruchion was a college, or retreat for learned men, called the Museum, where they were maintained at the public expense, in unbroken leisure, and with every facility for the pursuit of knowledge. This establishment was subsequently transferred to the Serapeion, and continued to flourish till the destruction of the temple by Theophilus. The sciences of mathematics, astronomy, and geography were especially cultivated: witness the names of Euclid, Apollonius, Eratosthenes; and, in later times, of Ptolemy the geographer. Criticism, philology, and antiquities were also much studied. Alexandria continued, until its capture by the Saracens, one of the most noted seats of learning in the world. ('Acad. des Inscriptions,' tom. ix., p. 397; Gibbon, chap. li., and the original authorities quoted in these works.)]

ALI BEY, El Abassi, pseud. [i.e. DOMINGO BADIA Y LEYBLICH.] Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria and Turkey, between the years 1803 and 1807. Written by himself, and illustrated by maps and numerous plates. 2 vol. London (Longman), 1816. 4°.

Reisen in Africa und Asien in den Jahren 1803 bis 1807. Aus dem Französischen. 1. Abtheilung: Die Staaten der Berberei enthaltend; 2. Abtheilung: Aegypten, Arabien, Syrien und die europaeische Türkei enthaltend. 2 Bde.

Weimar (Landes-Industrie-Comptoir), 1816. 8o.

Viajes por Africa y Asia durante los años 1803-1807. Traducidos del frances, p. P. P. 3 vol. Valencia, 1836. 8°. With portrait, atlas of 83 plates and 5 maps, 4°.

'ALÍ, Bey. Visit to, 1809. Blackwood's Magazine, vol. 13, pp. 437, 527.

Visit to, 1819. North American Review, vol. 10, p. 429.

'ALÍ, Bey, Chief of the Mamelukes in Egypt.

See L., S., Koσμожоλтηs. A History of the
Revolt of Ali Bey against the Ottoman Porte.

'ALÍ, Pacha. Sketch of. Blackwood's Magazine, vol. 20, p. 716.

Notice. Revue des Deux Mondes, vol. 208, p. 289.

'ALÍ ABUL HASAN SCHADELI. See HANEBERG (D.).

'ALÍ BEN MEHRIN. See MAURIN (A.).

'ALÍ BEN YOUSSEF, JEMAL-EDDINABUL-MEHASSEN [born in Egypt, 13th century]. Il a publié les Annales de sa nation; une Histoire des Seljouades, et celle des hommes de lettres, depuis Mahomet jusqu'à l'époque où il l'écrivit, et qui se trouve manuscrite dans la Bibliothèque de Leyde.-Peignot.

'ALÍ HAÍBAH. Quelques mots sur les trois principales Maladies Endémiques de l'Égypte. Thèse, etc. Paris, 1833. 4o.

'ALÍ IBN 'ABD AL-RAHÍM IBN AHMAD. Histoire des Ayyoubides. See DJAMÁL ALDÍN IBN WAŞIL.

'ALÍ IBN ‘ALÁ AL-DÍN MUHAMMAD. See 'ALÍ IBN MADJD AL-DÍN.

"Le Riant jardin, histoire des peuples d'autrefois." Dans ce volume, nous trouvons d'abord un sommaire de l'histoire des prophètes, puis l'histoire des quatre premiers califes et d'Al-Hasan, fils d'Alì; ensuite l'histoire des Omayyades et celle des Abbasides. Les chapitres suivants traitent des gouverneurs de l'Égypte sous les Califes, des Fatémides et des Ayyoubides. L'histoire du règne d'Al-Mâlik al-'Âdil, fils d'Al-Mâlik alKamil, est precédée d'une dissertation relative à certains cadis du Caire. Après l'histoire d'Al-'Adil, l'auteur donne un résumé de l'histoire de l'Égypte, jusqu'en 1032 de l'hégire. De nombreuses et intéressantes anecdotes, parfois étrangères au sujet, se trouvent mêlées au récit. L'auteur dit qu'il était né en 915 de l'hégire, et qu'il a commencé cet abrégé historique en 955. MS. daté de l'an 1062 de l'hégire (1623 de J. C.). 212 feuillets. [Arabic мs. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, No. 1562.]

'ALÍ TAHMI, Bey, Egyptian Minister of Justice. Portrait. The Illustrated London News, vol. 80, 1882, p. 177.

AL-JA'QUBI. Descriptio Al-Magribi sumta ex libro regionum Al-Jaqubii a M. J. de Goeje. 200 pp. Leyden (Brill), 1860. 8o.

[Arabic text, with Latin translation and copious illustrations, of a part of Ahmed-ibn-abi-Jaqub's "Kitabo-'l-Boldan,' or 'Book of the Regions.' The original work is of the xivth century, and the Descriptio contains a short account of the parts of Egypt lying on the Northern borders of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, with some sections on Spain and the Western Sahara.]

Ibn-Wadhih qui dicitur Al-Ja'qubi, Historiae. Edidit indicesque adjecit M. Th. Houtsma. 2 vol. pp. cliii. 318, 630. Lugduni Batavorum (Brill), 1883. 8°.

[La chronique arabe d'al-Ja'qubî avait échappé à l'attention des Orientalistes et des historiens jusqu'en 1876, lorsque M. de Goeje la fit connaître par un mémoire lu par lui dans la 1ème session du congrès des Orientalistes, tenue à St. Pétersbourg. L'auteur, qui a vécu vers la fin du Irième siècle de l'Hégire, était déjà avantageusement connu par son travail géographique, dont M. de Goeje a publié en 1860 un fragment, qui fut aussi une primeur.

Vol. I. 1. L'histoire sacrée racontée d'après la Bible et la Caverne des Trésors, livre gnostique. 2°. L'histoire des Indiens. 3°. L'histoire des Grecs et des Romains. 4°. L'histoire des Sasanides. 5o. L'histoire des Chinois, des Egyptiens et de divers autres peuples, contenant une foule de détails inconnus

jusqu'à présent, surtout sur les Boga (ul)

et autres tribus africaines. 6°. L'histoire des anciens Arabes avec des appendices fort intéressants sur leur religion, leur jeu du meisir, leurs poètes et leurs foires.]

Reviews-Th. Nöldeke: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1884, pp. 153-60. Ed. Sachau: D. Littztg., 7 Juni, pp. 836-8. AL-KHÂLIDÎ.

RAHMAN.

See IBRAHIM IBN ABD AL

AL-MALIK AL-NÂŞIR, Sultan. Histoire du sultan mamlouc Al-Malik al-Nâşir, fils de Qalawoûn. Ce volume contient le récit des événements qui eurent lieu en Égypte, en Syrie et en Cilicie, pendant les années 704 et 705 de l'hégire. L'ouvrage, rédigé en prose rimée et du vivant même de ce sultan, n'est qu'un long et verbeux panégyrique du prince; mais il renferme plusieurs faits intéressants et ressemble beaucoup à l'histoire du sultan Qalawoûn. 107 feuillets. [Arabic мs. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, No. 1705.]

البدر الزاهر في نصرة الملك الناصر

"La lune brillante, ou triomphe d'Al-Malik al-Nâşir." C'est un panégyrique du sultan mamlouc Al-Malik al-Nâṣir Aboû 'l-Sa'adât Mohammad, fils du sultan Qâït Bey. L'ouvrage finit au fol. 132. Les quatre derniers feuillets contiennent un supplément.

MS. autographe, daté de l'an 902 de l'hégire (1496 de J. C.), provenant de la bibliothèque du sultan Al-Malik al-Nasir. 137 feuillets. [Arabic мs. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, No. 1793.]

AL-MAQRÎZÎ. See MUHAMMAD IBN MOYASSAR.

AL-MASOʻUDÎ. See ABÚ 'L-HASAN. AL-NOWAÏRÎ. Encyclopædia of Al-Nowaïrî. Various copies and extracts in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. See Catalogue des Manuscrits Arabes by the Baron de Slane, 1883.

ALNWICK CASTLE. Egyptian Antiquities. See BIRCH (S.).

ALPHABET, Egyptian. See heading COPTIC.

ALPHEN (HIERONYMUS SIMONS VAN). See PERIZONIUS (J. V.).

2 vol.

ALPINUS (PROSPER). De Plantis Aegypti liber.
Accessit etiam liber de Balsamo.
Plates. Venetiis, 1592. 4o.

[Another edition.] Cum observationibus et notis J. Veslingii. Accessit A. de balsamo liber. Editio altera emendatior. 3 pt. Patavii, 1640-38-39. 4o.

De Medicina Aegyptiorum libri IV.
Venetiis, 1591. 4o.

[Another edition.] P. A. de medicina Aegyptiorum libri quatuor, et J. Bontii de medicina Indorum (libri IV.). Editio ultima. 2 pt. Parisiis, 1645. 4°.

Medicina Aegyptiorum. Acced. huic editioni ejusdem auctoris libri de Balsamo et Rhapontico, ut et Jacobi Bontii Medicina Indorum cum tabb. Lugduni Batavorum (Patuliet), 1718 et 1745. 4o.

Another edition, by J. B. Friedrich. 2 vol. Nördlingen, 1829. 8°.

Ac

Historia Aegypti naturalis pars prima, qua continentur rerum Aegyptiarum libri iv., opus postumum nunc primum edit. Cum tabb. aen. xxv., et secunda, sive de plantis Aegypti liber. Cum tabb. aen. LXXVII. cedit dissertatio ejusdem de Laserpitio et Loto aegyptia, cum observationibus Joha. Veslingii; accedunt ejusdam paraeneses ad rem herbariam et Vindiciae Opobalsami. Lugduni Batavorum (Patuliet), 1735. 4°. [Another copy.] P. A. rerum Aegyptiarum libri quatuor. (De plantis Aegypti, etc.) 2 pt. Lugduni Batavorum, 1735. 4°.

[A duplicate of the preceding, with different titlepages.]