parts of the country, as in the National Museum at Washington, the Field Museum at Chicago, and the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, there are collections of the implements and arts of the aborigines of North and South America.

Manuscript records ordinarily appeal only to the investigator, for whose benefit are the suggestions in Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, VIII, 413 et seq., and in Channing and Hart, Guide to American History, 35. Two classes of written records may, however, sometimes be used by beginners, family papers and local records. From the unpublished town records of Brookline, Massachusetts, for example, pupils in the high schools have drawn some interesting material. It is worth while to make pupils acquainted with the handwriting of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, many facsimiles of which are found in Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, and in many other places. The letter of Alexander Scammell (No. 162) is a striking example of valuable unpublished materials which are still to be found among family papers. The Historical Manuscripts Commission, created in 1895 by the American Historical Association, is bringing to light unsuspected treasures of this kind, which will be found in the Reports of that Commission, beginning with that for 1897.

In this volume much use has been made of the official public records of various kinds, because they contain the most apt illustrations of the workings of colonial government, and because in the time of the Revolution public bodies became the spokesmen of the communities in their new relations. The votes and proceedings of the revolutionary period are livelier and more characteristic than is usually the case in such material, as may be seen in the town-meeting vote of 1765 (No. 140).

Public records have been printed in elaborate collections for all the thirteen colonies. Sets of the charters are printed in Ben. Perley Poore, Federal and State Constitutions; in H. W. Preston, Documents illustrative of American History; in many numbers of the American History Leaflets and Old South Leaflets; and in other collections. Lists of these collections and of the printed colonial laws, with exact titles, may be found below (No. 6) and in Channing and Hart, Guide to American History, § 29.

Hardly any state has made up a full set of its own statutes; the best collections are Hening's Statutes for Virginia and various editions of Massachusetts laws. In many of the histories of separate colonies or states are appendices of select statutes.

The printed records of the colonial councils and assemblies are also enumerated in Channing and Hart, Guide, § 29. Parts of several of these records, ― Rhode Island, 1723, Maryland, 1775, — are reprinted below (Nos. 62, 184). The best printed records are those of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina.

The proceedings of various official and unofficial assemblies and meetings are set forth in the following extracts: a colonial council (No. 30); a colonial assembly (No. 62); a meeting of freeholders (No. 42); an electorate (No. 61); courts of various degrees (Nos. 17, 37, 71, 72, 73, 75); a city government (No. 76); a town-meeting (Nos. 78, 140); a vestry meeting (No. 77); a Quaker meeting (No. 102); colonial Congresses (Nos. 184, 187, 205); continental Congresses (Nos. 141, 153, 155, 185, 188, 189, 190); committees of Congress (No. 207).

The proceedings of assemblies constitute only a small part of the material available and suggestive for such a collection as this. Below will be found portions of reports of colonial governors (Nos. 19, 21, 36, 54, 57, 85, 88, 110, 135, 154), and of governors' letters and messages (Nos. 63, 65, 70, 125). Other colonial officials are also represented : colonial secretaries (Nos. 60, 124); a collector of customs (No. 87) ; colonial agents (Nos. 68, 146); a surveyor-general (No. 111); a comptroller-general (No. 117); an envoy to the Indians (No. 115); a judge (No. 150), and several chief justices (Nos. 18, 148, 157); boundary commissioners (No. 38).

The British administration of colonial affairs is represented by letters and mandates of the Lords of Trade (Nos. 26, 55, 58, 67, 89, 104); communications from the secretaries for the colonies (Nos. 27, 43, 56, 128, 144), and from the trustees of a colony (No. 42); a letter of the Archbishop of Canterbury (No. 101); proceedings before a committee of the House of Commons (No. 143); a speech in Parliament (No. 142); an Act of Parliament (No. 45) ; a royal mandate (No. 46); and letters of the king (Nos. 158, 215).

Among the colonial dignitaries who are cited in this volume as witnesses to the history of their times are the following governors: Cranston (No. 19); Wentworth (No. 21); Sharpe (No. 36); Dummer (No. 48) ; Keith (No. 49); Pownall (Nos. 53, 59, 66, 74); Cosby (No. 54); Clinton (No. 57); Johnston (No. 63); Lewis Morris (No. 65); Dinwiddie (No. 70); Bellomont (No. 85); Burnet (No. 88); Belcher (No. 100); Spotswood (No. 110); Hopkins (No. 125); Dunmore

(Nos. 135, 154); Patrick Henry (No. 203). Many of these men were highly educated, all had unrivalled opportunities of knowing the actual forces of colonial history, and some became the advisers of the English government, among them Pownall and Hutchinson.

Other colonial worthies who appear below are Samuel Sewall (Nos. 18, 103); Roger Wolcott (No. 22); John Conrad Wyser (No. 29); Samuel Quincy (No. 41); President Clap (No. 90); Increase Mather (No. 93); Nathaniel Ames (No. 95); Lewis Morris (No. 97); Colonel Brewton (No. 118).

The following English and foreign statesmen and publicists have also been used: Edward Randolph (No. 34); Oglethorpe (No. 39); Edmund Burke (Nos. 44, 52); John Wise (No. 47); Montesquieu (No. 51); William Pitt, Lord Chatham (Nos. 128, 142); Earl of Waldegrave (No. 130); John Wilkes (No. 132); Horace Walpole (No. 145); Samuel Johnson (No. 156); Lafayette (No. 172); Mirabeau (No. 178) Vergennes (No. 216).

Besides the governors and other colonial officials mentioned above, large use has been made of the writings of the great statesmen of the revolutionary epoch. The works of Benjamin Franklin (Nos. 68, 81, 94, 133, 143, 199, 217), of John Adams (Nos. 24, 79, 153, 189, 217), and of George Washington (Nos. 108, 174, 195, 206) are the foundation of an accurate knowledge of the actual workings of the revolutionary spirit. To these may be added the writings of Josiah Quincy (No. 139); Alexander Hamilton (No. 173); Thomas Jefferson (No. 188); Robert Morris (Nos. 194, 210); James Madison (No. 211); John Jay (No. 217); and Henry Laurens (No. 217).

The pamphleteers and controversial writers include several of the above, and also Edward Randolph (No. 34); Jeremiah Dummer (No. 48); Keith (No. 49); Pownall (Nos. 53, 59, 66, 74); Zenger (No. 72); Francis Hopkinson (Nos. 96, 196); Thomas Story (No. 98); Judge Sewall (No. 103); Stephen Hopkins (No. 125); James Otis (No. 131); John Wilkes (No. 132); Martin Howard (No. 138); Dennis de Berdt (No. 146); Charles Chauncy (No. 147); John Dickinson (No. 149); Samuel Johnson (No. 156); Drayton (No. 157); Timothy Dwight (No. 164); Jonathan Odell (No. 167); Mirabeau (No. 178); Stansbury (No. 182); Thomas Paine (No. 186).

On the Revolution, and to a less degree on the earlier period, valuable extracts have been taken from the journals, private letters, and reminiscences of those who had knowledge of public affairs. While less formal

than the public records, or the careful state papers and official correspondence and arguments of the statesmen mentioned above, they have the value of unstudied testimony, and they cause an impression of the human side of the history. The principal authors of this kind cited in this volume are Sewall (No. 18); Eliza Lucas (Nos. 35, 83); Stephens (No. 43); Pettit (No. 61); John Adams (Nos. 79, 153, 189); Franklin (No. 81); Nathaniel Ames (No. 95); Thomas Story (No. 98); Wesley (No. 99); John Woolman (No. 106); Eddis (No. 107); Washington (No. 108); Daniel Boon (No. 134); Josiah Quincy (No. 139); Thomas Hutchinson (No. 148); John Tudor (No. 151); John Andrews (No. 152); Stephen Williams (No. 160); Alexander Scammell (No. 162); Huntington (No. 163); Odell (No. 167); Curwen (No. 169); Richard Smith (No. 185); Mrs. Abigail Adams (No. 192) ; William Pynchon (No. 208).

Other journals and letters more directly concerned with military affairs are those of Curwen (No. 120); Colonel Winslow (No. 126); anonymous account of Braddock's defeat (No. 127); Captain John. Knox (No. 129); Chastellux (Nos. 137, 176); Graydon (No. 170); Lafayette (No. 172); Thacher (No. 175); Drowne (No. 177); Pausch (No. 179); Boudinot (No. 180); Simcoe (No. 181); André (No. 183); Clinton (No. 193); Baroness Riedesel (No. 197); Dr. Waldo (No. 198); John Trumbull (No. 200); George Rogers Clark (No. 201); Steuben (No. 202); John Paul Jones (No. 204); General Greene (No. 212); Lord Cornwallis (No. 214); General Heath (No. 218).

Travellers in the eighteenth century, until the Revolution was impending, were fewer and less quaint than in the period before 1689. The principal foreign visitors and observers were Andrew Burnaby (No. 32) and Peter Kalm (Nos. 112, 114, 122), both authors who wrote interesting and intelligent accounts. Lesser foreigners were Bolzius (No. 40); "A Swiss Gentleman (No. 69); De la Harpe (No. 109); Captain Carver (No. 116). The revolutionary visitors were Chastellux (Nos. 137, 176); Lafayette (No. 172); Pausch (No. 179); Baroness Riedesel (No. 197); Steuben (No. 202); the anonymous writer on De Grasse (No. 213); Cornwallis (No. 214).

Native or resident observers were the following: Captain Goelet (Nos. 23, 84); Gabriel Thomas (No. 25); “Richard Castelman" (No. 28); Keith (No. 49); Douglass (No. 50); Pownall (Nos. 53, 59, 66, 74); Madam Knight (No. 80); Benjamin Franklin (No. 81); Colonel Byrd (No. 82); Cotton Mather (No. 92); John Woolman (No. 106);

William Eddis (No. 107); Adair (No. 113); John Filson (No. 134); Joseph Doddridge (No. 136).

The newspapers have furnished several pieces for this volume. Though the colonial newspaper was usually dull, and there was no system of circulating accurate news, yet nothing better reflects the spirit of the age than such extracts as are found on the runaway advertisements (No. 105); on privateers (No. 121); on mobs (No. 161); on the Tories (No. 168); on Lexington and Concord (No. 191); on the Confederation (No. 209).

In the eighteenth century there was already a school of formal historians (see list below, No. 7). Out of these, extracts have been made from the following: Daniel Neal (No. 20); Robert Proud (No. 31); Robert Beverly (No. 33); Edmund Burke (Nos. 44, 52); Sir William Keith (No. 49); William Douglass (No. 50); William Gordon (No. 219); David Ramsay (No. 220).

Among colonial authors many were ministers of the gospel, of various denominations. Such were Lawson (No. 16); Burnaby (No. 32); Maury (No. 37); Bolzius (No. 40); Clap (No. 90); Byles (No. 91); Cotton and Increase Mather (Nos. 92, 93); John Wesley (No. 99); Doddridge (No. 136); Chauncy (No. 147); Williams (No. 160): Dwight (No. 164); Odell (No. 167); and Gordon (No. 219). Physicians wrote much less; yet several important pieces are taken from the writings of Dr. Douglass (No. 50); Dr. Thacher (No. 175); Dr. Waldo (No. 198); and Dr. Ramsay (No. 220).

Some of the most highly educated, brilliant, and witty writers of the eighteenth century were women; and quotations appear from Eliza Lucas (Nos. 35, 83); Sarah Kemble Knight, one of the best observers of her time (No. 80); Mrs. Reed (No. 165); Mrs. Adams, perhaps the most distinguished woman in the Revolution (No. 192); and the courageous Baroness Riedesel (No. 197).

Verse writers were few, and only a few pieces have proved to be so illustrative of historical incident as to come into this volume. These are Byles's eulogy of George I (No. 91); verses in an almanac (No. 94); "Ballad of Pigwacket" (No. 119); Paine's "Liberty Tree" (No. 159); Dwight's "Columbia" (No. 164); "Nathan Hale" (No. 171); Stansbury's "Lords of the Main" (No. 182); Francis Hopkinson's "Battle of the Kegs" (No. 196).