A useful dog is not frightened. The little boy gave four roses an egg. TALE II. و 8 3 11 16 ދ هیچ 13 13 9 15 18 تعجب 18 ایلدی مصر شهرنده بر پادشاه وارایدی و انك بر کاردان وزیری و ارایدی دایم ، پیغمبر انك " قاتنه کلور ایدی برکون وزير دنيانك 7 احوالنه نظر ایلدی بلدی که نسنه کمسیه پایدار " اولمز 10 پس وزیر لقدن 12 كوشه اختیار 18 ایدوب 14 طاعته 15 مشغول 16 اولدی " ال " چکوب 17 کلمدی بو وزیر پس 10 نچه زمان کچدی پیغمبر وزیره 7 کلدی وزیر دیدی بن وزیر 20 ایکن 10 پیغمبر 19 دخی 10 بر کون کوردی که ساعت قاتمدن كتمزدك شمدی که طاعته مشغول اولدم نیچون هر كلمز اولدك دیدی پیغمبر ایتدی سن ظاهرده وزيرلق ايدردك و بن باطنده وزیرلق ایدردم شمدی سن ظاهر وزیر لغندن آل چكدك بن دخی قتكه كلمز اولدم دیدی چون وزیر پیغمبردن بو سوزی اشتدى واروب 27 طلب 27 ایدوب الدى كیرو پیغمبر هر ساعت کلور 2 تكرار 2 وزارت 24 ايدى. 26 22 s always 8 considered up, removing his hand 14 adoration 15 gave 5 side 6 of the world 10 then 11 giving 17 did not come 12 retired spot, corner himself up to 19 21 hour From substantives, adjectives denoting possession or endowment can be formed by the addition of lu or ,ly; from at, horse لی ,akel عقل atlu, mounted, possessor of a horse, a cavalier; from اتلو talent, llis akellu, intelligent; keuy, village,keuylu, belonging to a village, a villager; j tuz, salt, J; tuzlu, salted ; ✈ së kara geuzlu, black-eyed; „öö koorkoo, fear, koorkooloo, dangerous; khatoonlu er, a married man. [When an adjective or numeral agrees with the substantive ایکی خاتونلوار : formed in this way some ambiguity may arise iki khatunloo er, a man with two wives, a man twice married. In the first case, in speaking, the iki is joined to the khatun; in the second, they are pronounced separately.] By the addition of djy to substantives, the noun agent is formed: Ex. etmek, bread; Jyol, the road; kapoo, the door; etmekdjy, the baker. yoldji, the traveller. kapoodji, the porter. This termination is used with ; as, nidji, what is he? For the formation in the case of verbs, see page 24. From adjectives and substantives alike, are formed substantives denoting the action or quality, by the addition of or look or lik; from doost, the friend, lgs doostlook, friendship; from etmekdjilik, the trade of a baker ; Jj guzel, beautiful, US guzellik, beauty; tchodjuk, the child, tchodjuklik, childhood. etmekdji, baker, The same termination is used to form the noun denoting the place where a substance or thing is found; from Jgool, the rose, goollook, the rose bed; from ¿ dagh, mountain, daghlik, a mountainous place; from keupeklek, the kennel. For the use of this termination with verbs, see page 29; and see also page 15. Diminutives are formed by the addition of the syllable djik or djek; from adem, the man, or ademdjek, the little man; ooglandjek, the little child. This may be further strengthened by the addition of ; z; as, ¡Áș›\ ademdjekiz, a very little man. This last termination is used in general when the word is meant to indicate affection; meaning, rather, 'the dear little man.' The termination سز siz, without, is placed at the end of a noun to form an adjective, denoting privation, 800siz, dry, from water; edebsiz, impolite; koosiz, fearless, and from this koorkoo, fear, jöjjö koorkoorkoosizlik, fearlessness. The terminations dash denotes companionship; from Jyol, yoldash, fellow-travellers. road, Substantives may also be formed by the combination of two substantives or a substantive and adjective; as, from and khana, house, khastaharna, hospital. kahveh, coffee, (khafarna), coffee-house; xillimi THE TURKISH IRREGULAR AUXILIARY VERBS. The substantive verb is very peculiar in Turkish. It is used to form the persons and numbers of verbs by addition to the verbal root, and is also used, as below, with nouns, both substantive and adjective. With an adjective, yash, wet. For of the 2nd person plural siz is frequently used. سز سكز 1st Pers. PLURAL. ji yash imishiz, we have been wet. ju! yash imishsiz, you have been wet. Jib yash imishderler, they have been wet. dostsines, you are دوستسكر ; yoldjy-in, we are travellers يولجييز The در s deyelsen, thou art not. PLURAL. deyelez, we are not. deyelsengez, you are not. s deyelderler, they are not. and of the third person singular and plural are generally omitted. The other tenses are formed by the addition of JS deyel to the imperfect, perfect, and other tenses given above: Joll ایو دکل ایسه په یمان ; bo at ayeh at deyel, this is not a good horse ♫♫ eyeh deyel isseh pek yeman deyel, if it is not a good one, it is not a very bad one. The interrogative particle my is joined to the last syllable; as, می yash deyelmy sen, are یاش دکلمیسن ? yashmi-um, am I wet ياشميم you not wet? The auxiliary verb ' to have' does not exist in Turkish. Its place is supplied by the impersonal verb, var, there is. The conjugation is formed by the use of the pronominal endings in the manner indicated below. The negative is formed by the use of yok or .gol dir يوق در 1st Pers. og evimiz var, we have a house. The student will remark that the third person plural might be intended for the third person singular of houses; evlery var, he has houses. Imperfect. SINGULAR. levlarim var, I have 1st Pers. joj tuzumuz var idi, we had some salt. saj tuzunuz var idi, you had some salt. sulj tuzlery var idi, they had some salt. 2nd 3rd Perfect. 1st Pers. palë♬ bir kalemim ouldy, I have had a pen. قلمك اولدی etc. برق bir kalemin ouldy, thou hast had a pen. Conditional Present. SINGULAR. 1st Pers. بر bir kitabim var isseh, if I have a book. 2nd amally dili bir kitabiñ var isseh, if thou hadst a book. The other tenses are supplied by the third person singular of various tenses of the verb olmak, to be, with the pronominal terminations used as above. |