SECTION VI.-APPLICATIONS OF VINEGAR. XXXI. Aromatic Vinegar and Concentrated Vinegar. XXXII. Compound Vinegars: Table Vinegars, Aromatic Distilled Vinegars, Toilet Vinegars, Medicinal Vinegars. XXXIII. Conservation of Alimentary Substances: Preservation of Animal Substances, Preservation of Vegetable Substances. SECTION VII.-ACETOMETRY. XXXIV. Acetometry: Degree of Concentration of Vinegars, and means to ascertain it; Acetometer of the Parisian Merchants, Descroizille's Acetometer, Fresenius' and Will's Process, Otto's Process, Fleck's Process, Salleron's and Revels' Process, H. Pohl's Process, Process by Carbonated Alkalies, Tables. XXXV. Adulterations in Vinegars: Sulphuric Acid in Vinegar, Hydrochloric Acid in Vinegar, Nitric Acid in Vinegar, Tartaric Acid in Vinegar, Metallic Salts in Vinegar. INDEX. De Graff.—The Geometrical Stair-Builders' Guide: $5.00 Being a Plain Practical System of Hand-Railing, embracing all its necessary Details, and Geometrically Illustrated by 22 Steel Engravings; together with the use of the most approved principles of Practical Geometry. By SIMON DE GRAFF, Architect. 4to. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.-Hand-railing; Geometrical stairs. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.-I. Shows the plan and elevation of a cylinder of stairs, running from the rake to the landing, and landing to the rake. II. The manner of obtaining the points, and having the lines for the formation of the face, and falling moulds for a continued rail over a small opening. III. The manner of obtaining the points and drawing the lines for the formation of the face-moulds for the lower and upper wreaths of Plate 2, when the edge of the plank forms an acute angle, out of which the lower wreath is formed; also, when the edge of the plank forms an obtuse angle, out of which the upper wreath is formed, which is usually termed the spring of the plank, and the manner in which the quadrantal parts (Figs. 2 and 3), are thrown from the quadrantal parts Band A, Fig. I. IV. The manner of drawing the lines for the formation of the face and falling moulds of a stair-rail easing over a small opening in the landing. V. The form of the rail being given to draw the mitre cap. VI, VII., VIII. The manner of drawing the lines for the formation of the face and falling-moulds for the rail of a semicircular stairs having seven winders, with fliers attached below, and easing over the landing above. IX. A practical method of executing the plan of the carriage of a geometrical stair, with seven winders, having fliers attached below, and resting against the landing above. X. The same as described in Plates 6, 7, and 8, its size being drawn merely to coincide with the size of Plate 9. XI. The plan of forming the face and falling-moulds for the rail of a semicircular stairs with six winders, having fliers attached above and below. XII. The manner of obtaining the required thickness of stuff, and proper twist of the rail-pieces, also the face-moulds for each respective rail-piece. XIII. Shows the plan of a stairs having five winders, the well-hole being formed by two quadrantal parts, plan and elevation of the veneer for the concave and convex sides of the stair, the plan of the bracket, the manner of diminishing the size of the given bracket. XIV. The plan of the rail for Plate 13. XV. A method by which a smith may be confined to the position of the rail, so as to give the proper twist to the iron core and obtain its neat length. XVI. To draw the scroll for a hand-rail, and curtail step for the same. XVII. The ground plan of a stair and rail, with scroll and curtail step, having ten fliers resting against the landing, and five winders in the semicircular part. XVIII. The manner of forming the moulds for the rail of a circular stairs, having sixteen winders, running from a landing to a rake, and rake to a landing. XIX. The plan of the rail and scroll for a stairs, the well-hole being elliptical. XX. The plan of a rail and scroll, the wellhole being an eccentrical form, the scroll being drawn as in Plate 16. XXI. To draw the plan and elevation of a staircase, the well-hole being the frustum of a cone, also the moulds for the formation of the rail of the same. XXII. Practical Geometry. Dyer and Color-maker's Companion: Containing upwards of two hundred Receipts for making Colors, on the most approved principles, for all the various styles and fabrics now in existence; with the Scouring Process, and plain Directions for Preparing, Washing-off, and Finishing the Goods. In one vol. 12mo. $1.25 CONTENTS. Mordants for Madder Dyeing; Steam Colors for Linen and Cotton; Fast Colors for Raising in Lime or Soda Liquor; Chemical Colors; Resisting Vat Colors; Turkey Red Dyeing; Orange Dyeing; Colors for Yellow Grounds; Silk Dyeing; Mousseline Delaine Printing; Standards for various Shades; Miscellaneous Receipts; French Oranges; Mordants. Easton.-A Practical Treatise on Street or Horse-power Railways: Their Location, Construction, and Management; with General Plans and Rules for their Organization and Operation; together with Examinations as to their Comparative Advantages over the Omnibus System, and Inquiries as to their Value for Investment; including Copies of Municipal Ordinances relating thereto. By ALEXANDER EASTON, C. E. Illustrated by 23 plates. 8vo., cloth $2.00 Erni.-The Theoretical and Practical Chemistry of Fermentation: Comprising the Chemistry of Wine, Beer, Distilling of Liquors; with the Practical Methods of their Chemical Examination, Preservation, and Improvement-such as Gallizing of Wines. With an Appendix contain. ing well-tested Practical Rules and Receipts for the manufacture, etc. of all kinds of Alcoholic Liquors. By HENRY ERNI, Chief Chemist, Department of Agriculture. (In press.) Elder.-Questions of the Day: Economic and Social. By WILLIAM ELDER, M. D. 8vo. (In press.) This treatise is occupied with the discussion of subjects (within the range of Political Economy and Social Science) which are the present and pressing interests of the time. The relations of Capital and Labor-the laws, conditions and sources of the growth of Wealth, and of its distribution-the provision in the Economy of the Earth for the sus tenance of the human family-the laws governing the geographic distribution of the races- - Money and its functions-Commerce-Free-trade and Protection, with their necessary incidents-are treated as studies; and the Associative and Co-operative Movements which specially characterize the last hundred years are very fully presented and analyzed. Fairbairn.-The Principles of Mechanism and Machinery of Transmission: Comprising the Principles of Mechanism, Wheels, and Pulleys, Strength and Proportions of Shafts, Coupling of Shafts, and Engaging and Disengaging Gear. By WILLIAM FAIRBAIRN, Esq., C. E., LL. D., F. R. S., F. G. S., Corresponding Member of the National Institute of France, and of the Royal Academy of Turin; Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, etc. etc. Beautifully Illustrated by over 150 wood-cuts. In one volume 12mo. $2.50 CONTENTS.-CHAP. I.—THE PRINCIPLES OF MECHANISM.-GENERAL VIEWS, LINKWORK, WRAPPING CONNECTORS, WHEEL WORK, SLIDING CONTACT:-General Views Relating to Machines; the Parts of a Machine; Elementary Forms of Mechanism; Link-work. ELEMENTARY FORMS OF MECHANISM :-To Construct Watt's Parallel Motion; to Multiply Oscillations by means of Link-work; to Produce a Velocity which shall be Rapidly Retarded by means of Link-work; to Produce a Reciprocating Intermittent Motion by means of Link-work; the Rachet Wheel and Detent; Intermittent Motion Produced by Link-work connected with a Ratchet Wheel; Wrapping Connectors; Speed Pulleys; Guide Pulleys; to Prevent Wrapping Connectors from Slipping; System of Pulleys; to Produce a Varying Velocity Ratio by means of Wrapping Connectors; Wheel Work Producing Motion by Rolling Contact; Idle Wheels; Annular WheelsConcentric Wheels; Wheel Work when the Axes are not Parallel to each other; Face Wheel and Lantern-Crown Wheels; to Construct Bevel Wheels or Bevel Gear when the Axes are in the same Plane; to Construct Bevel Gear when the Axes are not in the same Plane; Variable Motions Produced by Wheel Work having Rolling Contact; Intermittent and Reciprocating Motions Produced by Wheel Work having Rolling Contact; the Wedge and Movable Inclined Plane; Sliding Pieces Producing Motion by Sliding Contact; the Eccentric Wheel, Cans, Wipers, and Tappets; to find the Curve for Forming the Groove of a Cam, so that the Velocity Ratio of the Rod and Axes of the Cam may be Constant; the Swash Plate; Construction of Screws; the Solid Screw and Nut; the Common Press; the Compound Screw; the Endless Screw; the Differential Screw; the Archimedean Screw Creeper; Mechanism for Cutting Screws; to Produce a Changing Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion by a Combination of the Cam and Serew to Produce a Boring Motion by a Combination of the Screw and Toothed Wheels. CHAP. II.-ON MACHINERY OF TRANSMISSION.-ON WHEELS AND PULLEYS.Wrapping Connectors; where Employed; Advantages and Disadvantages of: Material Employed in the Construction of; Strength of; Table of Approximate Widths of Leather Straps, in Inches, Necessary to Transmit any Required Number of Horsepower. TOOTHED WHEELS.-Introduction of; Construction of Mortise Wheels; Smeaton's Introduction of Cast Iron as a Material for Spur Wheels; Rennie's Use of Cast Iron in all the Details of Mill-work, as Exemplified in the Construction of the Albion Mills; True Principle of Construction; Tooth-cutting Machine. SPUR GEARING.-Definitions. PITCH OF WHEELS.-Rules for Finding the Pitch and Diameter of Wheels; Table of Constants for Wheel Work; Rules for Finding the Pitch, Diameter, and Number of Teeth; Prof. Willis's Method of Graduating the Sizes of Wheels; Table Showing the Relation of Pitch, Diameter, and Number of Teeth. TEETH OF WHEELS.-The Principles which Determine the Proper Form; Formation of Epicycloidal and Hypocycloidal Curves; Construction of Epicycloidal Teeth; Construction of Involute Teeth; Prof. Willis's Method of Striking the Teeth of Wheels: Odontograph; General Form and Proportions of Teeth of Wheels; Table of Proportions of Teeth of Wheels for Average Practice; Table giving the Proportions of the Teeth of Wheels in inches and thirty-seconds of an inch. BEVEL WHEELS.-Examination of the Curves; Formation and Form of Teeth. STRENGTH OF THE TEETH IN WHEELS.-Rules to be Observed in Calculations; Line of Greatest Strain; Table of Thickness, Breadth, and Pitch of Teeth, of Wheels; Table of Relation of Horse-power Transmitted, and Velocity at the Pitch Circle to Pressure on Teeth; Table showing the Pitch and Thickness of Teeth to Transmit a Given Number of Horses-power at Different Velocities; Table showing the Breadth of Teeth Required to Transmit Different Amounts of Force at a Uniform Pressure of 400 Ibs. per inch. CHAP. III. ON THE STRENGTH AND PROPORTIONS OF SHAFTS:-The Factory System Necessitates the Use of Long Ranges of Shafts. DIVISION I. The Material of which Shafting is Constructed. DIVISION II. TRANSVERSE STRAIN:--Resistance to Rupture; Rules for the Strength of Shafts: Table of Resistance to Flexure; Weights Producing a Deflection of 1-1200 of the Length in Cast Iron Cylindrical Shafts; Table of Resistance to Flexure; Weights Producing a Deflection of 1-1200 of the Length in Wrought Iron Cylindrical Shafts, Table of Deflection of Cast Iron Cylindrical Shafts Arising from the Weight of the Shaft; Table of Deflection of Wrought Iron Cylindrical Shafts Arising from the Weight of the Shaft. DIVISION III. TORSION:-Coulomb's Deductions and Formula; Revan's Values of Modulus of Torsion; Wertheim's Formula for Cylindrical Bodies; Résumé of Experi ments on Cylinders of Circular Section; Résumé of Experiments on the Torsion of Hollow Cylinders of Copper; Résumé of Experiments on the Torsion of Elliptical Bars; Table of the Safe Working Torsion for Cast Iron Shafts; Table of the Safe Working Torsion for Wrought Iron Shafts. DIVISION IV. Velocity of Shafts; Table of the Diameter of Wrought Iron Shafting Necessary to Transmit with Safety Various Amounts of Force. DIVISION V. ON JOURNALS:-Length of Journals; Ultimate Pressure per Square Inch on Journal; Form of Journals. DIVISION VI. FRICTION:--Laws of; Rennie's Table of Coefficients of Friction under Pressures Increased Continually up to Limits of Abrasion. DIVISION VII. LUBRICATION:-Lubricants; Method of Effecting Complete Lubrication. CHAP. IV.-ON COUPLINGS FOR SHAFTS AND ENGAGING AND DISENGAGING GEAR.COUPLINGS:-Primitive Cast Iron Square Coupling Box; the Claw Coupling; Mr. Hewe's Coupling; the Disk Coupling; the Circular Half-lap Coupling; Rules for the Proportions of the Half-lap Coupling; the Cylindrical Butt-end Coupling. DIVISION VIII. DISENGAGING AND RE-ENGAGING GEAR:-Throwing Wheels out of Gear with an Horizontal Lever; Throwing Wheels out of Gear with a Standard or Plummer-block and Movable Slide; Disengaging Machinery by the Fast and Loose Pulley; Disengaging Machinery with the Sack Teagle Motion; Callendering Marine Friction Clutch; Friction Cones; Friction Disks; Friction Couplings; Disengaging and Re-engaging Clutch; two other forms of ditto; Mr. Bodmer's Clutch. DIVISION IX. HANGERS, PLUMMER-BLOCKS, ETC., FOR CARRYING SHAFTING:Pedestal for Supporting Shafting on the Floor; Pedestal for Bolting Shafting to a Wall; Hanger for Suspending Shafting from a Beam in the Ceiling; Hanger for Suspending Shafting from the Floor; Hanger where Great Strength is Required; Hanger to Connect Two or Three Ranges of Shafting; Method of Connecting Ranges of Shafting at Right Angles to each other by Means of Plummer-blocks; Table of the Diameters, Pitch, Velocity, etc., of Spur Fly Wheels of the New Construction. MAIN SHAFTS:-Material, Diameter, etc.; Description of the Main Vertical Shafts; Description of the Method of Gearing the Saltaire Mills; Method Adopted to Lessen the Friction on the Foot of the Vertical Shaft; Present Method of Bevel Wheels; Transmission of Power to Machinery at Obtuse Angles by the Universal Joint; Table of the Length, Diameter, etc., of Couplings, Coupling Boxes, etc. *The great principles given in this work lie at the very foundation of the art of transmitting mechanical power, and must prove of inestimable value to American mill owners, mechanics, and operatives. Mr. FAIRBAIRN gives the results of his very suc cessful practice as a millwright and engineer during a period of half a century—a period which has contributed more than any previous one to the manufacturing industry of the world. And, as there is probably no department of practical science so generally useful, or perhaps so little studied, as the Machinery of Transmission, the publisher has much pleasure in placing within reach of the intelligent class for which it is intended, in a compact and comparatively cheap form, the author's rich and valuable experience on this important subject. Forsyth.-Book of Designs for Headstones, Mural, and other Monuments: Containing 78 Designs. By JAMES FORSYTH. With an Introduction by CHARLES BOUTELL, M. A. 4to., cloth $5.00 . CONTENTS. PLATE 1. Five Designs for Churchyard or Cemetery Headstones. 2. Two Designs for Headstones: one Headstone with a low Coffin-shaped Tomb; and one Cross rising from a Recumbent Slab. 3. Five Designs for Headstones and Memorial Crosses. 4. Four Designs for Headstones, two of them with low Coffin-shaped Tombs, and one for a canopied Monument, containing Bas-relief on one side, and Bust in altorelief on the other. 5. Three Designs for Crosses, and two for Headstones, one of them with a low Tomb. 6. Four Designs for Headstones, one of them with an Inclosure. 7. A Design for a Canopied Monument. 8. Designs for two Tombs, one of them flat, with an Incised Slab, and the other with Cross on a Slab, supported by four Angels. 9. Three Designs for Coped Tombs, one of them Cruciform. 10. Designs for two Coped Tombs, and for three Headstones. 11. A Design for a Double Headstone, surmounted by a Cross, and with an Inclosure of Metal-work. 12. Designs for two Mural Monuments. 13. Three Designs for Mural Monuments, the central one to contain a Medallion Portrait of the Deceased, and one intended to commemorate a Seafaring person. 14. Designs for two Mural Monuments, one of them after the manner of a Triptych. 15. Designs for four Mural Monuments. 16. Desigus for six Mural Monuments, two of them Military. 17. Designs for two Mural Monuments, one with Portrait in alto-relief and Angels, and the other with Angels in bas-relief. 18. Designs for three Mural Monuments, with sculptured Angels in alto-relief. 19. Designs for five Mural Monuments, two being Military, one having Portrait in bas-relief, 20. Designs for two Mural Monuments, containing Bas-reliefs. 21. Designs for two Coped Tombs, with iron Crosses, one having iron Cresting. 22. Two Designs for Commemorative Crosses. 23. A Design for a raised Tomb, with a Recumbent Effigy, Angels, and Bas-reliefs. 24. Two Designs for Altar Monuments, one with Portrait in alto-relief. 25. Designs for two Monuments, with Recumbent Figures, No. 77 having been executed by the Author to the memory of a Lady who, with her new-born infant, died on Easter-day; the other having been also executed by the Author to the memory of the late Earl of Cawdor. A Model of this latter Monument was exhibited, with other Works of Monumental and Ecclesiastical Sculpture, at the International Exhibition of 1862, for which the Author obtained the unusual award of Two Prize Medals. Gilbart.-A Practical Treatise on Banking: By JAMES WILLIAM GILBART. To which is added: THE NATIONAL BANK ACT AS NOW (1868) IN FORCE. 8vo. Gothic Album for Cabinet Makers: $4.50 Comprising a Collection of Designs for Gothic Furniture. Illustrated by twenty-three large and beautifully engraved plates. Oblong. $3.00 The Plates in this volume Comprise Designs for Sofas, Arm, and other Chairs, Stools, Taborets, Pries-Dieu, Tables, Chests of Drawers, Wardrobes, Chimney Pieces, Sideboards, Pier Tables, Etagères, Desks, Book-cases, etc. etc. Grant.-Beet-root Sugar and Cultivation of the Beet: By E. B. GRANT. 12mo. $1.25 Gregory.-Mathematics for Practical Men: Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Mechanics, and Civil Engineers. BY OLINTHUS GREGORY. 8vo., plates, cloth.. $3.00 Griswold.-Railroad Engineer's Pocket Companion for the Field: Comprising Rules for Calculating Deflection Distances and Angles, Tangential Distances and Angles, and all Necessary Tables for Engineers; also the art of Levelling from Preliminary Survey to the Construction of Railroads, intended Expressly for the Young Engineer, together with Numerous Valuable Rules and Examples. By W. GRISWOLD. 12mo., tucks. $1 75 Guettier.-Metallic Alloys: Being a Practical Guide to their Chemical and Physical Properties, their Preparation, Composition, and Uses. Translated from the French of A. GUETTIER, Engineer and Director of Founderies, author of "La Fouderie en France," etc. etc. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. In one volume, 12mo. (In press, shortly to be published.) $3.00 |