effigy of a pilgrim, of a class so rare that I have only come across one other example in this country, to which I shall presently allude. This effigy then at Haverfordwest, which, as far as Wales is concerned, is probably unique, is much mutilated and abraded, especially the head, which appears to have been represented bare, and reposing on two cushions,-the undermost square, the uppermost lozenge-shaped. The effigy appears to have been sculptured in the peculiar garb appropriated to pilgrims, the exterior robe or gown of which was called the sclavine. The skirt of this is open in front, a short distance upwards. Under the right elbow is a vestige of the bourdon, or pilgrim's staff, whilst on the left side of the effigy appears the pilgrim's wallet or scrip, suspended by a strap over the right shoulder. On the scrip are represented scallopshells, indicating the shrine to which the pilgrimage had been made. The hands are conjoined on the breast, as in prayer. From the shape of the slab (a parallelogram) on which the effigy reposed, I should imagine this to be a monument of the early part of the fifteenth century.

Pilgrimages to holy places are said to have commenced after the alleged invention, in the early part of the fourth century, by St. Helena, of the Holy Cross. This discovery, though not noticed by Eusebius, was generally believed in toward the close of the fourth century. In this country pilgrimages were more especially made to the shrine of St. David, St. Cuthbert at Durham, to that of St. Thomas at Canterbury, to the image of our Lady at Walsingham, and to the image of St. Dervel Gadarn in Llandderfel Church, Merioneth. There were many other churches containing images or supposititious relics to which local pilgrimages were made. Abroad, the principal places to which pilgrims were accustomed to resort were Jerusalem, Rome, Loretto, and Santiago de Compostella.

From Chaucer's Canterbury pilgrimage, and from the visits of Erasmus to Walsingham and Canterbury, it is

to be inferred that in this country no peculiar garb was worn by pilgrims. Such, however, was not the case with regard to those proceeding from this country on pilgrimages abroad, when a greater solemnity was

observed.

In the Pontifical at Exeter Cathedral, which bears the name of Bishop Lacey, but is said to have been written in the fourteenth century, one of the offices is entitled "Ordo ad servicium Peregrinorum faciendum." By this it appears that after having confessed, those about to proceed on pilgrimage lay prostrate before the altar ("coram altari prostratos postquam confessi sunt"); certain psalms and sentences were said, amongst which, "Benedictus Dominus Deus, prosperum iter faciat vobis.' Then followed the benediction of the pilgrim's wallet and staff. "Hic surgant a prostracione, sequitur benedictio pere et baculi hoc modo, Dominus vobiscum. Oremus...... te humiliter imploramus, quatenus sanctificando benedicere digneris has peras et hos baculos, ut quicunque eos pro tui nominis amore ad instar humilis armature, lateri suo applicare, atque collo suo pendere, sive in manibus suis gestare cupierint, etc. ...... .... Hic ponet sacerdos collo peregrini peram, dicens, In nomine, etc., accipe hanc peram, habitum peregrinacionis tue, etc. Hic detur baculus peregrino. Accipe baculum sustentacionis tue, etc. Benedictio crucis peregrinalis Ierusalem sic, Dominus vobiscum, etc. Hic detur vestis signata cruce peregrino a sacerdote interim dicente, Accipe vestimentum, cruce Domini Salvatoris signatum est, etc. Hiis finitis dicatur Missa pro iter agentibus. Officium. Postcommunio. Post Missam dicat sacerdos has sequentes orationes super peregrinos coram altare prostratos, si profecture sint Ierusalem, seu ad sanctum Jacobum, vel ad aliam peregrinacionem; cum Dominus vobiscum et Oremus", etc.

According to the foregoing rite it would appear that the office of a priest was sufficient for this service, which, though a general one, was more particularly adapted to the intended pilgrimages to the Holy Sepul

chre at Jerusalem and to the shrine of St. James at Compostella, Jerusalem and St. James being specially mentioned.

And now of the pilgrim's garb with its appurtenances. Pera. This was the scrip, wallet, bag, or pouch (scrippum, pera, saculus), generally suspended by a belt or strap crossing diagonally from the right shoulder, and hanging down in front of the body, on the left side. On the front of the scrip of pilgrims who had visited the shrine of St. James at Compostella, scallop-shells were attached to denote that fact. By these we at once see to what locality the pilgrim represented by the effigy at Haverfordwest proceeded.

Baculus. The bourdon or pilgrim's staff (burdo). A small portion of this only is left attached to the effigy here treated of. This fragment appears under the right elbow. It was sometimes called a pyk.

Vestis signata cruce. This was the sclavine (sclavina), the outer robe or gown worn by pilgrims, adverted to by Du Cange, "incedens in habitu peregrini, qui vulgo dicitur sclavina." And again, "Vidit ipsum instar alicujus Hierosolymitani, palma, pera, et baculo insignem, atque sclavina coopertum."

I know of only one other sepulchral effigy in this country of a pilgrim habited in his peculiar costume. This, a well known instance, lies in the church of Ashby de la Zouch, in the county of Leicester. This effigy represents the party it was intended to commemorate as bareheaded; the hair worn long, cut round, and clubbed in the fashion prevalent in the latter part of the fifteenth or early part of the sixteenth century (i.e., temp. Henry VII), to which period this effigy may fairly be ascribed. It is in a far more perfect state than the effigy at Haverfordwest. The sclavine, or upper robe (the peculiar garb of pilgrims), which is here well defined, is a kind of super-tunic, or overcoat, reaching nearly to the ankles, with short and loose open sleeves falling over the shoulders to a little below the elbows. From within these sleeves appear the full but some

what close sleeves of the inner vest, tunic, or coat, extending to the wrists. The hands were raised on the breast, in attitude of prayer. These have been broken off, and are now lost. On the feet are worn short boots pointed at the toes, and loosely laced a little above the insteps. The feet rest against a dog which wears a collar. Partly hidden by the head, neck, and right shoulder, appears the pilgrim's broad-brimmed hat with an escallop-shell upon it, indicative of the shrine, that of St. James of Compostella, to which the pilgrimage had been undertaken. Suspended on the left side of the body by a narrow belt or strap crossing diagonally from the right shoulder, is the scrip, pouch, wallet, or bag, with escallop-shells upon or attached to it. This has a flap fastened with a strap and buckle. Underneath the wrist of the left hand passes the bourdon or pilgrim's staff. This is set diagonally, from the left shoulder to the right thigh. Coming down over each shoulder, in front of the breast, is a collar of SS, indicating that the person here represented was one of distinction; but I believe it is not so clearly known who that person was.

In the year 1872 Warwick Castle was for a while closed to visitors during the reparations required by the then recent fire. I was however allowed, by the special permission of the noble owner, to inspect and examine such portions as had been subject to the action of fire. In going In going through the habitable apartments and chapel, I was struck in observing in the latter a headless statuette which, when entire, would be about three feet high. If this had been discovered near any other chapel or church, I might with fair probability have taken it for an image of St. James the Apostle; but, in the present instance, I could not but ascribe to it a personification of Sir Guy of Warwick, that hero of pure romance, represented in his pilgrim's garb. This statuette, apparently of the fourteenth century, represented the knight of fabulous antiquity as clad in a long tunic or coat reaching to the ankles;

over this appeared the sclavine, or peculiar palmer's garb, worn over the tunic, but not so long, and with loose sleeves; suspended by a broad strap or belt crossing over the right shoulder obliquely to the left side, was the pilgrim's wallet or scrip, the flap of which was fastened by a button. The left hand was gone, this held the bourdon or pilgrim's staff, a small portion only of which appeared over the scrip. In the right hand a book was held. The supposititious pilgrimage of Sir Guy of Warwick was to the Holy Land. But it is the pilgrimages to Compostella that those whose effigies we possess at Ashby de la Zouch and Haverfordwest went on, which require our more immediate notice. Compostella in Galicia, not far from the northwest coast of Spain, and therefore fairly accessible by sea, was a favourite resort of pilgrims from different countries in the middle ages, from the remains of Santiago de Compostella, St. James of Compostella, otherwise St. James the Elder, the Apostle, being reputed to be there enshrined. This place is said to have been first founded by Theodomir, Bishop of Tria, A.D. 835, in which year he professed to have discovered the body of St. James the Apostle in a wood upon or near the site of the present city. Alonzo the Second erected a chapel on the spot where the remains were reported to have been found, subsequently enlarged into a cathedral church, finished A.D. 874, and consecrated A.D. 899. Since the ninth century the shrine of Santiago has been one of the most popular resorts of pilgrims. This cathedral was destroyed by the Moors, A.D. 997, and rebuilt A.D. 1082. An early image of the Saint is said to have been executed A.D. 1188 by el Maestro Mateo, for Archbishop Gelmirez. In the left hand of this image was held the bourdon or pilgrim's staff, with a gourd or calabash fastened to it.

In imagery and other representations during the middle ages, St. James the Apostle is represented in the garb of a pilgrim with the bourdon and scrip; and as the most noted places of pilgrimage had each their