Prof. MARCEL MOYE (International Law, U. of Montpellier).
M. LOUIS OLIVIER, Editor of the Revue Génerale des Sciences.

Prof. Dr. G. PAPILLAULT (Sociology, Ecole d'Anthropologie, Paris).
Prof. D. PARODI (Philosophy, Lycée Michelet, Paris).

Prof. JEAN PERRINJAQUET (International Law, U. of Aix-Marseille).

Prof. P. PIC (International Law, U. of Lyons).

Prof. N. POLITIS, Associate of the Institute of International Law, Editor of the
Recueil des Arbitrages Internationaux (International Law, U. of Poitiers).
Prof. MICHEL REVON (Civilisation of the Extreme East, U. of Paris).

Prof. Dr. C. RICHET, Member International Peace Bureau (Physiology, U. of Paris).
Dr. J. A. RIVIÈRE, President of the International Medical Association for Aiding
the Suppression of War, Editor of Annales de Physicothérapie.

Prof. LÉON DE ROSNY, Paris, Founder and European President of the International Association of Men of Science, formerly Professor of Eastern Religions at the Sorbonne and Professor of Japanese at Ecole des Langues Orientales. Prof. TH. RUYSSEN, President of the Association de la Paix par le Droit (Philosophy, U. of Bordeaux).

Prof. GABRIEL SEAILLES (Philosophy, U. of Paris).

Prof. A. GAIRAL DE SÉREZIN (International Law, U. of Lyon).

Dr. PAUL TOPINARD, Paris, late Gen.-Sec. of the Société d'Anthropologie of Paris.
Prof. ARNOLD VISSIÈRE (Chinese, Ecole des Langues Orientales, Paris).

M. WAILLE-MARYAL, Oran, President-General of the Alliance Scientifique
Universelle for Africa.

Prof. ANDRÉ WEISS, Member of the Institut de Droit International (International
Law, U. of Paris).

Prof. RENÉ WORMS, Paris, Permanent Secretary Institut International de
Sociologie, Editor of the Revue Internationale de Sociologie (History of
Sociology, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Sociales, Paris).

GERMANY.

Prof. Dr. PHILIPP ALLFELD (International Law, U. of Erlangen).

Prof. Dr. RICHARD ANDREE, Munich.

Prof. Dr. G. K. ANTON, Member of the Institut Colonial International (Political
Economy, U. of Jena).

Prof. Dr. PAUL BARTH (Philosophy, U. of Leipzig).

Prof. Dr. C. H. BECKER, Associate of the Institut Colonial International (Oriental
History, Colonial Institute in Hamburg).

Prof. Dr. LUJO BRENTANO (Economics, U. of Munich).

Prof. Dr. SIEGFRIED BRIE (International Law, U. of Breslau).

Prof. Dr. HERMANN COHEN (Philosophy, U. of Marburg).

Prof. Dr. FRIEDRICH DELITZSCH, Hon. M.R.A.S. (Assyriology, U. of Berlin).

Prof. Dr. ALFRED DOREN (History, U. of Leipzig).

Prof. Dr. AUGUST DÖRING (Philosophy, U. of Berlin).

Prof. Dr. GODEHARD JOSEF EBERS (International Law, U. of Breslau).

Prof. RICHARD EICKHOFF, Remscheid, Member of Reichstag and Prussian Diet
Member of the Inter-Parliamentary Council.

Prof. Dr. BENNO ERDMANN (Philosophy, U. of Berlin).

Frau LUCY HOESCH ERNST, Ph.D., F.R.A.I., Godesberg.

M. ERZBERGER, Member of Reichstag.

Prof. Dr. RUDOLF EUCKEN, Nobel Prize for Literature (Philosophy, U. of Jena).
Dr. L. FEYERABEND, President of the Anthropological Society of Oberlausitz, and
President of the Society of Natural Sciences of Görlitz.

Prof. Dr. A. FINGER (International Law, U. of Halle).
Prof. Dr. AUGUST FISCHER (Semitic Philology, U. of Leipzig).
Prof. Dr. EUGEN FISCHER (Anthropology, U. of Freiburg).
Prof. Dr. WILHELM FOERSTER (Astronomy, U. of Berlin).

Prof. Dr. ERNST FRIEDRICH (Geography, U. of Leipzig).

Sr. Hochw. P. Provinzial Dr. J. FROBERGER, Missionshaus der Weissen Väter, Trier.
Prof. Dr. FRANZ ADAM GOEPFERT (Moraltheology, U. of Würzburg).

Prof. Dr. ERNST HAECKEL (Zoology, U. of Jena).

Prof. Dr. H. HARBURGER, Judge of the Supreme Court of Bavaria, Member
Institut de Droit International (International Law, U. of Munich).

Prof. Dr. W. HASBACH (Economics, U. of Kiel).

Prof. Dr. JULIUS HATSCHEK (Law, U. of Göttingen).

Prof. Dr. FELIX HAUPTMANN, Member of Prussian Diet, Member of InterParliamentary Council (Methodology of Law, U. of Bonn).

Justizrat Dr. A. HEILBERG, Breslau, Member of the International Peace Bureau.
Prof Dr. Paul HEILBORN (International Law, U. of Breslau).

Prof. Dr. H. HERKNER (Political Economy, Technische Hochschule, Berlin).
Prof. Dr. J. JASTROW (Economics, Handelshochschule, Charlottenburg).
Prof. Dr. GEORG JELLINEK (International Law, U. of Heidelberg).
Prof. Dr. WILhelm KaufmaNN (International Law, U. of Berlin).
Prof. Dr. A. VON KIRCHENHEIM (International Law, U. of Heidelberg).
Dr. THEODOR KOCH-GRÜNBERG (Ethnology, U. of Freiburg).
Prof. Dr. JOSEF KOHLER (International Law, U. of Berlin).

Prof. Dr. ERNST KUHN, Hon. M.R.A.S. (Arian Philology, U. of Munich).
Prof. Dr. EUGEN KÜHNEMANN (Philosophy, U. of Breslau).

Prof. Dr. PAUL LABAND, Member of the Council of State of Alsace-Lorraine,
Associate of the Institut Colonial International (Public Law, U. of Strassburg).
Prof. Dr. P. VON LILIENTHAL (International Law, U. of Heidelberg).

Prof. Dr. THEODOR LINDNER (History, U. of Halle).

Prof. Dr. FRANZ V. LISZT (International Law, U. of Berlin).

Prof. Dr. F. v. LUSCHAN, Hon. F.R.A.I. (Anthropology, U. of Berlin).

Prof. Dr. GEORG VON MAYR, President of the Munich Oriental Society, UnderSecretary of State (Economics, U. of Munich).

Prof. Dr. FRIEDRICH MEINECKE (Modern History, U. of Freiburg).

Prof. Dr. CARL MEINHOF (African Languages, Colonial Institut, Hamburg).
Prof. Dr. MEURER (International Law, U. of Würzburg).

Prof. Dr. PAUL NATORP (Philosophy, U. of Marburg).

Prof. ALBERT NEISSER (Medicine, U. of Breslau).

Baron E. DE NEUFVILLE, Francfort o/M., Member International Peace Bureau. Prof. Dr. KARL NEUMEYER (International Law, U. of Munich).

Prof. Dr. THEODOR NIEMEYER (International Law, U. of Kiel).

Prof. Dr. HERMANN ONCKEN (Modern History, U. of Heidelberg).
Prof. Dr. WILHELM OSTWALD, Gross-Bothen.

Dr. RUDOLPH PENZIG, Editor of "Ethische Kultur," Berlin.

Dr. ARTHUR PFUNGST, M.R.A.S., Francfort-on-Main.

Prof. Dr. L. PLATE (Zoology, U. of Jena).

Prof. QUIDDE, Munich, Member of the International Peace Bureau.

Prof. Dr. J. RANKE, Hon. F.R.A.I. (Anthropology, U. of Munich).

Prof. Dr PAUL RATHGEN, Associate of the Institut Colonial International (Political Economy, Colonial Institute in Hamburg).

Prof. Dr. FRITZ REGEL (Geography, U. of Würzburg).

Dr. ADOLF RICHTER, Pforzheim, President of the German Peace Society, Member of the International Peace Bureau.

Prof. Dr. ALOIS RIEHL (Philosophy, U. of Berlin).

Prof. Dr. ROBERT SCHACHNER (Political Economy, U. of Jena).

Prof. Dr. L. SCHEMANN, Freiburg, President of Gobineau-Vereinigung.

Prof. Dr. JOSEPH SCHMIDLIN (Church History, Catholic Faculty, U. of Münster). Prof. Dr. PAUL SCHOEN (International Law, U. of Göttingen).

Prof. Dr. WALTER SCHÜCKING (International Law, U. of Marburg).

Prof. Dr. GEORG SIMMEL (Philosophy, U. of Berlin).

Prof. Dr. WERNER SOMBART (Economics, Handelshochschule, Charlottenburg). Prof. Dr. CARL STUMPF, late Rector University of Berlin (Philosophy, U. of Berlin). Prof. Dr. G. THILENIUS, Gen. Sec. of the German Anthropological Society, Director of the Ethnological Museum of Hamburg (Anthropology and Ethnology, Hamburg).

Prof. Dr. FERDINAND TÖNNIES (Sociology, U. of Kiel).

Prof. Dr. C. UHLIG (Geography, U. of Berlin).

Prof. Dr. V. ULLMANN (International Law, Ú. of Munich).

Dr. A. VIERKANDT (Ethnology, U. of Berlin).

Prof. Dr. WEULE, Director Leipzig Ethnological Museum (Ethnology, U. of Leipzig). Prof. Dr. JULIUS WOLF (Political Economy, U. of Breslau).

GREAT AND GREATER BRITAIN.

(a) BRITISH EMPIRE, EXCLUDING INDIA.

Prof. ALBERT H. ABBOTT (Philosophy, U. of Toronto).

Dr. A. ABDURAHMAN, Cape Town.

ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A. (Talmudic, U. of Cambridge).

Prof. S. ALEXANDER (Philosophy, U. of Manchester).

JUSTIN CHARLES WILLIAM ALVAREZ, I.S.O., Tripoli, H.B.M.'s Consul-General for Tripoli of Barbary.

THE OMANHENE AMONOO V., Anumabu, West Africa.

The Rt. Rev. WALTER ANDREWS, D.D., Bishop of Hokkaido, Japan.

Prof. EDWARD ANWYL, M.A. (Comparative Philology, U. College of Aberystwyth). The Rt. Rev. THOMAS HENRY ARMSTRONG, D.D., Bishop of Wangaratta. Australia.

The Right Hon. W. F. BAILEY, C.B., F.R.G.S., Dublin.

Rev. RAMSDEN BALMFORTH, Cape Town.

The Rt. Rev. CHRISTOPHER GEORGE BARLOW, D.D., Bishop of Goulburn.

Prof. CHARLES F. BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D., (International Law, U. of Dublin). JOHN BEDDOE, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.R.A.I., etc., late President Royal Anthropological Institute, Bradford-on-Avon.

Sir HENRY ARTHUR BLAKE, G.C.M.G., Youghal (Ireland), late Governor Bahamas, Newfoundland, Jamaica, Hong-Kong, Ceylon.

EDWARD WILMOT BLYDEN, LL.D., Sierra Leone.

Rev. W. COPELAND BOWIE, London, Sec. British and Foreign Unitarian Association. Prof. GEORGE SIDNEY BRETT, M.A. (Philosophy, U. of Toronto).

Rev. DAVID BROOK, M.A., D.C.L. (Oxon), Southport, ex-President National Free Church Council.

Prof. J. BROUGH, LL.D. (Philosophy, U. College of Aberystwyth).

The Hon. JOSEPH PETER BROWN, Cape Coast Castle, West Africa.

Sir CHARLES BRUCE, G.C.M.G., J.P., D.L., Leslie, late Governor of Mauritius.

Prof. THOMAS H. BRYCE, M.A., M.D. (Anatomy, U. of Glasgow).

Prof. T. L. BULLOCK, M.A. (Chinese, U. of Oxford).

Sir PERCY BUNTING, M.A., London, Editor of the Contemporary Review.

HERBERT BURROWS, London.

The Rt. Rev. HERBERT BURY, D.D. (Oxon), Bishop of British Honduras with Central America.

WILLIAM P. BYLES, M.P., London.

Mrs. W. P. BYLES, London.

CHARLES CALLAWAY, M.A., D.Sc., Cheltenham.

EDWARD CARPENTER, Author, Sheffield.

Prof. J. ESTLIN CARPENTER, D.Litt., Principal of Manchester College, U. of Oxford. ROGER CASEMENT, C.M.G., Consul-General at Rio de Janeiro.

JOSEPH CHARLES CASSON, Superintendent of Native Affairs, Zomba, Nyasaland. The Rt. Rev. ARTHur Chandler, Bishop of Bloemfontein, Orange Free State. Prof. S. J. CHAPMAN, M.A. (Political Economy, U. of Manchester).

GEORGE G. CHISHOLM, M.A., B.Sc. (Geography, U. of Edinburgh).

The Most Rev. HENRY LOWTHER CLARKE, Archbishop of Melbourne.

Rev. JOHN CLIFFORD, M.A., LL.D., D.D., London,

EDWARD CLODD, Author, London.

STANTON COIT, Ph.D., London.

ROBERT J. COLENSO, M.D. (Oxon), etc., London.

Dr. FRANK CORNER, F.G.S., F.R.A.I., M.R.C.S., London.

W. L. COURTNEY, M.A., LL.D., London, Editor of the Fortnightly Review.
WILLIAM MONTGOMERY CROOK, B.A., F.R.G.S., London.

WILLIAM CROOKE, B.A., F.R.A.I., M.F.L.S., Cheltenham.

Major S. LYLE CUMMINS, R.A.M.C., F.R.A.I., Netley, Hants.

Dr. W. EVANS DARBY, London, Secretary of the Peace Society, Member of the International Peace Bureau.

Canon G. DAUTH, Vice-Rector of the University of Laval, Montreal.

Mrs. RHYS DAVIDS, M.A., Ashton-on-Mersey, Hon. Sec. Pali Text Society.

Prof. T. W. RHYS DAVIDS, F.B.A., LL.D., Ph.D. (Comparative Religion, U. of Manchester).

Rev. J. G. DAVIES, Barmouth, Sec. Welsh Calvinistic Methodist General Assembly. Prof. T. WITTON DAVIES, Ph.D., D.D. (Semitic Languages, U. College Bangor)." W. BOYD DAWKINS, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S., F.R.A.I., Hon. Professor of Paleontology in U. of Manchester.

Mrs. C. DESPARD, London.

ROBERT DONALD, London, Editor of the Daily Chronicle.

The Most Rev. ST. CLAIR G. DONALDSON, Archbishop of Brisbane, Queensland.

C*

PREFACE

THE object of the Congress is "to discuss, in the light of science and the modern conscience, the general relations subsisting between the peoples of the West and those of the East, between so-called white and so-called coloured peoples, with a view to encouraging between them a fuller understanding, the most friendly feelings, and a heartier co-operation.

The writers of papers were requested to keep in view the spirit of this object; but were otherwise not supplied with, or bound by, any instructions. Accordingly, it would have been natural to find the widest differences of opinion expressed in the following contributions. Singular to state, however, the writers-coming literally from all parts of the circumference of the globe-manifest a remarkable agreement on almost every vital problem with which the Congress is concerned, and support, as a whole, a view which must be very encouraging to those in every land who see a brother and an equal, at least potentially, in every human being, whatever the colour of his skin. In view of the eminent fitness of the writers to pronounce judgment on the issues involved in the contact of races, the Congress may be said to have effectively served both a scientific and a humanitarian purpose. Henceforth it should not be difficult to answer those who allege that their own race towers far above all other races, and that therefore other races must cheerfully submit to being treated, or mal-treated, as hewers of wood and drawers of water. The writers have, as it were, reduced to reasoned statements the generous sentiments prevailing on this subject among the most cultivated and responsible section of humanity, a section fairly represented in our imposing list of Vice-Presidents, Hon. Vice-Presidents, and Members of the Hon. General Committee.

It was felt that in a Congress of this comprehensive character each people should speak for itself; and it is for this reason that every paper referring to an Oriental people