races, where neither process is possible, the state of upward progres can be brought about only by substituting in the minds of the forme a sympathetic relation for one of mere adjustment of forces. The ra in power must be concerned to keep pace with the evolving faculty the race in tutelage, striking a careful balance at all times betwe the forces of aspiration and resistance which conflict in all Societ But, above all, it must do this calmly and scientifically in face of vituperation of the progressive sections of the race in tutelage. here lies the "great perhaps " of the political destinies of mankir

Again, we may put the problem in a few words. In all nomous countries political progress means constant friction and embittered language between factions. To expect of the " ward" races that they shall be more considerate in their charac tion of the policies of their masters than those masters have ev in their own faction-strifes, is plainly fantastic. It would s very great stretch of common sense to realise that when Lib Tory, for instance, habitually denounce each other's administ home, they must look to having the administration of eithe denounced by those who have to endure it abroad. Yet t can daily see in his newspapers the spectacle of journalis vituperating their own Government in one column and denouncing as "sedition" all vituperation of it by Hind state of moral incoherence be not transcended by the maj ruling spirits, the problem of peaceful progress towards among the subject races is hopeless. The demand the shall maintain an attitude of humble acquiescence for: time in the hope that when they have ceased to ask they will spontaneously be given it, is quite the most sen ever framed in any political discussion. Peoples s would be the most thoroughly unfit for self-government appeared. They would be no longer "viable."

As the case stands, the responsibility clearly lies in power. If they cannot make the small effort of se consistency required to realise that they should toler the races they dominate (since these can simply bla for whatever misfortunes they endure), and should s. them forward, the game is up.

In that case they will have failed to comprehe conditions of progress in the race relations in qu the history of the failure comes to be written, it the victims of the failure, probably, that posterity while to pass the verdict of "unfitness." It will any, on the race which, imputing unfitness to thos trolled, was itself collectively unfit for the task of

stand alone, in the "natural" way of the growing child, does not mean that a nation or a congeries of peoples long withheld from the given exercise of function can never develop it. There are superstitions in regard to evolution as in other matters; and history tells of change by initiation as well as by haphazard adaptation. If one born blind, or long blind, may be enabled by surgery to see, a race not bred to self-government may be enabled by example and institution to grow gradually into the practice of it. If Turkey and Japan, with an "Oriental" past, can of themselves enter upon the new life, races in tutelage may be inducted into it under guidance. And where unguided races have made the entrance by more or less spasmodic movements and with chronic friction and reaction, supervision may save others from the errors of ignorance.

Further, if only there be good-will on the part of the race in command, there is not more but less difficulty in the planned introduction of the rudiments of autonomy into any polity, however backward, than in the compassing of them by effort from within. Normally, the making of all the steps is by way of a fortuitous wrestle between progressive and reactionary forces equally impassioned here, it lies with the ruling races to prepare for and time the steps. The preparation lies in the conveyance of the two forms of universal knowledge-knowledge how to live and work in the present, and knowledge of the historic past and of other polities. It is in terms of their failure to undertake this essential schooling that all dominant races thus far stand convicted of a mainly self-seeking relation to those in their power, all their protestations to the contrary notwithstanding.

Abstention from the task of education is confession either of fear or of indifference. Where it has never been undertaken, the charge of "unfitness" partakes of the nature of the indictment brought by the Wolf against the Lamb. The progress towards self-government began for our own race when other education was at a minimum. Let it be preceded for the backward races by such education as is within the competence of modern State machinery, and the old pretext of unfitness will become impossible. Given the initial steps, progression for the ruled in the discipline of self-government will be seen by the ruling races to be progression in co-operation, and will be desired instead of being feared.

Towards irreconcilables the attitude of wise friends of the subject races will simply be that of sane politicians towards extremists in other countries. The fact of intransigeance is just a fact like another, one of the hundred variations in political outlook and bias which express the law of variation in all things. Aspiration or zeal without extremism has never occurred in any wide field of

human life, and never till mankind has reached a very remote stage of equilibrium conceivably will. Whatever, then, may be its reaction, good or bad, on the totality of progress, extremism is literally a condition of progress in the sense of being inextirpable. What is to be hoped concerning it, in the cases under notice, is that there as well as in the history of other races there will take place the usual amount of conversion through stress of experience to more moderate ideals. And such conversion will quite certainly be easier when the controlling Power is avowedly bent on promoting racial progress than when it is believed to be fundamentally hostile to all racial aspiration. For all extremism in politics the great prophylactic is steady progression. Those who would substitute for this conception that of a "one way to rule Orientals-force" are simply reviving for Orientals that blind denial of natural law which has meant so much strife for Occidentals in the past. They are the correlatives of the irreconcilables who demand instant "freedom"; and, error for error, theirs is the worse.

Professor of International Law in the University of Wisconsin, U.S.A., Theodore Roosevelt Professor at Berlin for 1911-12.

IN speaking on a subject so broad as that indicated by the title of this paper, it would be easy to fall into a discussion composed of vague generalisations. Yet this certainly would not correspond with the desires of the Committee which fixed the programme; they did not, as was actually done by a small college in the west of the United States, intend to create a chair of Pantology. I shall therefore endeavour to be concrete in the few suggestions which I have to contribute in this discussion, and to indicate in a specific manner how the modern tendencies of civilisation are influenced by geographical situation, by economic activities, and by the forms of political action.

I am not in fear of contradiction when I state that the cardinal fact of contemporary civilisation is the unification of the world, the emergence of organic relations, world-wide in scope, uniting the branches of the human family in all parts of the earth. This result is due primarily to the really marvellous advances made in all the methods and processes of communication. Distance has

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been annihilated, and lands on the opposite sides of the earth, formerly mysterious to one another, are now next-door neighbours. In the train of these advances there has followed the organisation of the economic life of the world upon a centralised system. Economic power is radiated from the European and American centres to the farthest corners of Africa and Asia. Railways and other engineering works are executed, agricultural and mining resources are developed, through energies propelled from the great financial centres. Moreover, the scientific and technical processes employed in industry and commerce are also being standardised upon a uniform basis. With variations imposed by climatic and other physical conditions, the scientific methods of the world are nevertheless practically uniform, and this uniformity reacts upon and strengthens the unity of economic organisation. Last, but not least important, there arises from all these mechanical and industrial advances a true psychic unity of mankind. The daily news is the same the world over in its great important facts. Its items are flashed from zone to zone, and in the morning and evening papers the reading world of all the continents follows the same dramatic unfolding of political and social world life. Great types of character are no longer merely national household names, but their lineaments are known the world over and everywhere interest is taken in their views and actions. There is a world-wide sympathy, so that if evil befall in California, or Chile, or Italy, or China, the entire world is affected and all nations are anxious to offer their aid and bear their share of the burden.

The growth of world unity which we have witnessed in our day has already modified, and even superseded to some extent, the effect of geographic separation, of political nationalism or particularism, and of economic exclusiveness. Economic and social forces are beginning to flow in a broad natural stream, less and less hampered by dynastic and partisan intrigue, by protectionist walls, by monopolies and all sorts of exclusive privileges.

In past ages, indeed, geographic separation was a fundamental fact. Mountains, deserts, and the sea set limits to the expansion of races and separated them from one another to such an extent as to prevent mutual acquaintance and understanding. Civilisation on this earth will, indeed, always be dependent upon physical environment, but the complete dominance of local conditions over national development is a thing of the past. The domination of natural forces has been largely overcome by scientific mastery, subduing nature through its processes and unifying the different branches of the human race. It is here that we touch upon the great achievement of Western civilisation in the conquest of nature. The mastery