FIFTH SESSION THE MODERN CONSCIENCE IN RELATION TO THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF INTER-RACIAL ETHICS, AND THE MODERN CONSCIENCE IN RELATION TO THE TREATMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. By Sir THE INFLUENCE OF MISSIONS. By Prof. Alfred Caldecott PAGE 261 268 279 293 302 312 TRAFFIC IN INTOXICANTS AND OPIUM. By Dr. J. H. Abendanon SIXTH SESSION THE MODERN CONSCIENCE IN RELATION TO THE WORLD-POSITION OF THE NEGRO AND NEGROID. By Sir NATIVE RACES OF SOUTH AFRICA. By J. Tengo Jabavu THE WEST AFRICAN PROBLEM. By Dr. Mojola Agbebi THE NEGRO RACE IN THE UNITED States of AMERICA. By Dr. 328 336 341 THE NEGRO PROBLEM IN RELATION TO WHITE WOMEN. By 364 THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN. By Dr. Charles A. Eastman 367 377 SEVENTH SESSION POSITIVE SUGGESTIONS FOR PROMOTING INTER-RACIAL FRIENDLINESS THE RESPECT WHICH THE WHITE RACE OWES TO OTHER 383 INTERNATIONAL LAW, TREATIES, CONFERENCES, AND THE HAGUE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SUBJECT RACES. By Sir John Macdonell PAGE 387 398 409 EIGHTH SESSION POSITIVE SUGGESTIONS FOR PROMOTING THE PRESS AS AN INSTRUMENT OF PEACE. By Alfred H. Fried By 439 443 THE COSMOPOLITAN CLUB MOVEMENT. By Louis P. Lochner CIRCULARS ISSUED BY THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL I. INVITATION A CONGRESS dealing with the general relations subsisting between West and East will be held in London from July 26 to July 29, 1911. So far as possible special treatment will be accorded to the problem of the contact of European with other developed types of civilisation, such as the Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Turkish, and Persian. The official Congress languages are to be English, French, German, and Italian; but Oriental and other languages will not be rigidly excluded. The papers (which will be taken as read) are to appear, collected in volume form, both in an all-English and an allFrench edition, about a month before the Congress opens, and among the contributors will be found eminent representatives of more than twenty civilisations. All schools of thought which sympathise with the Object of the Congress are hereby invited to take part in the proceedings. Resolutions of a political character will not be submitted. II. OBJECT AND NATURE OF THE CONGRESS THE object of the Congress will be to discuss, in the light of science and the modern conscience, the general relations subsisting between the peoples of the West and those of the East, between so-called white and so-called coloured peoples, with a view to encouraging between them a fuller understanding, the most friendly feelings, and a heartier co-operation. Political issues of the hour will be subordinated to this comprehensive end, in the firm belief that, when once mutual respect is established, difficulties of every type will be sympathetically approached and readily solved. The origin of this Congress is easily explained. The interchange of material and other wealth between the different races of mankind has of late years assumed such dimensions that the old attitude of distrust and aloofness is giving way to a general desire for closer acquaintanceship. Out of this interesting situation has sprung the idea of holding a Congress where the representatives of the different races might meet each other face to face, and might, in friendly rivalry, further the cause of mutual trust and respect between Occident and Orient, between the so-called white peoples and the socalled coloured peoples. Accordingly the Congress will not represent a meeting of all the races for the purpose of discussing indiscriminately everybody's concerns. It will not discuss purely European questions, such as the relations existing between or within the different European countries; nor, of course, will it discuss the attitude of Europe towards the United States, or towards other American Republics representing races of European descent. Again, whilst wholly sympathetic towards all far-sighted measures calculated to strengthen and promote good relations, the Congress is pledged to no political party and to no particular scheme of reforms. The writers of papers will, however, have the full right to express whatever political views they may hold, though they will be expected to do justice to all political parties and to treat the issues of the day only passingly. Furthermore, the Congress will not be purely scientific in the sense of only stating facts and not passing judgments. Nor will it be a peace congress in the sense of aiming specifically at the prevention of war. Finally, it should be noted that, since the Congress is to serve the purpose of bringing about healthier relations between Occident and Orient, all bitterness towards parties, peoples, or governments will be avoided, without, of course, excluding reasoned praise and blame. With the problem simplified in this manner, and with a limited number of papers written by leading authorities, there is every hope that the discussions will bear a rich harvest of good, and contribute materially towards encouraging friendly feelings and hearty co-operation between the peoples of the West and the East. III. QUESTIONNAIRE (Replies to any or all the questions should reach the Hon. Sec. not later than June 15, 1911.) J 1. (a) To what extent is it legitimate to argue from differences in physical characteristics to differences in mental characteristics? (b) Do you consider that the physical and mental characteristics observable in a particular race are (1) permanent, (2) modifiable only through ages of environmental pressure, or (3) do you consider that marked changes in popular education, in public sentiment, and in environment generally, may, apart from intermarriage, materially transform physical and especially mental characteristics in a generation or two? 2. (a) To what extent does the status of a race at any particular moment of time offer an index to its innate or inherited capacities? (b) of what importance is it in this respect that civilisations are meteoric in nature, bursting out of obscurity only to plunge back into it, and how would you explain this? 3. (a) How would you combat the irreconcilable contentions prevalent among all the more important races of mankind that their customs, their civilisation, and their race are superior to those of other races? (6) Would you, in explanation of existing differences, refer to special needs arising from peculiar geographical and economic conditions and to related divergences in national history; and, in explanation of the attitude assumed, would you refer to intimacy with one's own customs leading psychologically to a love of them and unfamiliarity with others' customs tending to lead psychologically to dislike and contempt of these latter? (c) Or what other explanation and arguments would you offer? 4 (a) What part do differences in economic, hygienic, moral, and educational standards play in estranging races which come in contact with each other? (b) Is the ordinary observer to be informed that these differences, like social differences generally, are in substance almost certainly due to passing social conditions and not to innate racial characteristics, and that the aim should be, as in social differences, to remove these rather than to accentuate them by regarding them as fixed? 5. (a) Is perhaps the deepest cause of race misunderstandings the tacit assumption that the present characteristics of a race are the expression of fixed and permanent racial characteristics? (b) If so, could not anthropologists, sociologists, and scientific thinkers as a class, powerfully assist the movement for a juster appreciation of races by persistently pointing out in their lectures and in their works the fundamental fallacy involved in taking a static instead of a dynamic, a momentary instead of a historic, a local instead of a general, point of view of race characteristics? (c) And could such dynamic teaching be conveniently introduced into schools, more especially in the geography and history lessons; also into colleges for the training of teachers, diplomats, colonial administrators, and missionaries? 6. (a) If you consider that the belief in racial superiority is not largely due, as is suggested by some of the above questions, to unenlightened psychological repulsion and under-estimation of the dynamic or environmental factors, please state what, in your opinion, the chief factors are? (b) Do you consider that there is fair proof, |