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and management of recreation resources. It conducts studies in forest economics, marketing of forest products, and a survey of the present extent and potential growth and use of the Nation's forest resources. It also conducts research to develop new and improved products from wood, to increase efficiency of utilizing forest products, and to advance the efficiency and mechanization of forestry operations.

The research program has a two-fold objective:

(a) To backstop the National Forest development program by devising more effi-
cient practices for protecting, managing, and utilizing forest resources.
(b) To develop new and improved practices that will lead to sounder uses of
forests in other public and private ownerships and more efficient and
profitable utilisation and marketing of forest products.

The Forest Service also cooperates with the Agricultural Research Service of
the Department by reviewing and appraising for technical adequacy forest
research projects beneficial to the United States which are conducted abroad.
These projects are carried out with foreign currencies under Section 104(b) (3)
of Public Law 480, as amended, and the dollar expenses of the Forest Service in
connection with this work are paid from the appropriation, Forest protection
and utilization.

Results of research are made available to owners of private forest and rangelands, to public agencies which administer such lands, to forest product industries, and to consumers. Research in the growing, harvesting, processing, and marketing of forest products results in increased competitiveness for forest products. Contribution of the forest resource to the economic and social welfare is made more effective. Research in the management of resources for water, forage, wildlife, and recreation has similar effects as a basis for community development and satisfaction of national demands.

3. Cooperation with State and private forest landowners. The Forest Service cooperates with State agencies and private owners to improve management of nonFederal forest lands. Technical help is also provided by the Forest Service in cooperation with the State agencies to the processors of forest products. Opportunities exist for greatly increasing the contribution of these lands to social and economic welfare of the Nation as a whole and more particularly through rural development and outreach activities in rural America to improve the economic levels, employment opportunities, and general welfare of the people living in these areas. Specific programs are designed to:

(a) Better protect the 519 million acres of State and privately owned forests and critical watersheds against fires, insects, and diseases.

(b) Encourage better forest practices, for resource conservation, betterment, and profit, on the 395 million acres of non-Federal forest land.

(c) Aid in the distribution of planting stock for forests, shelterbelts, and wood lots.

(d) Assist the harvesters, processors, and marketers of forest products in doing a better job and thereby bring about greater use of forest products and increased income and employment for rural people.

(•) The Forest Service also provides assistance to States for tree planting, reforestation, and tree improvement under Section 401 of the Agricultural Act of 1956 (16 UBC 568-568g), through the State forester or equivalent State official, including advice, technical assistance, and financial contributions, in accordance with plans submitted by the state and approved by the Secretary of Agriculture.

(f) Provide assistance to local communities in planning and development of new and greater opportunities for creative and satisfying living, work, and recreation in rural America,

Other work related to forestry includes:

4.

Insect and disease control. Activities to suppress and control destructive insects and diseases that threaten timber areas include two types of work carried on jointly by Federal, State, and private agencies:

(a) Surveys on forest lands to detect and evaluate infestations of forest insects and infections of tree diseases and determination of protective measures to be taken.

(b) Control operations to suppress or eradicate forest insects and diseases, including white pine blister rust in a manner that does not impair the quality of our environment.

5. Flood prevention and watershed protection. The Forest Service cooperates with the Soil Conservation Service, appropriate State agencies and the local organizations sponsoring small watershed protection projects initiated under the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954 (16 USC 1001-1007) in planning and installing forestry and related land resource measures on the watersheds. The Forest Service also collaborates with the Soil Conservation Service, other Federal and State agencies in the conduct of comprehensive river basin studies relating to the development of water and related land resources under authority of the Water Resources Planning Act (42 USC 1962) and 16 USC 1006 mentioned above. Such studies can form part of the basis of plans for regional and community economic development.

On National Forest lands and on non-Federal forest lands within the watersheds authorized for treatment by the Department of Agriculture under the Flood Control Act (33 USC 701), the Forest Service plans and installs watershed improvement measures, in the form of minor physical structures, cultural measures, and intensified fire control, to retard runoff and reduce flood water and sediment damage. Work on non-Federal land is carried on in cooperation with the Soil Conservation Service and the appropriate State and local agencies.

The Forest Service cooperates with the Soil Conservation Service and other Federal, State, and local agencies or groups in the emergency treatment of watersheds impaired by fire or other similar disasters to prevent the loss of life or serious flood and sediment damages. This work is performed under the authority of Section 216 of the Flood Control Act of 1950 (33 USC 701b-1) with funds allotted to the Forest Service by the Soil Conservation Service. This section of the Act provides that not more than $300,000 of the regular appropriations for Flood Prevention may be expended during any one fiscal year for emergency measures. The Supplemental Appropriation Act of 1969 provided $4,000,000 for emergency measures needed as a result of the 1969 California floods and a contingency for other emergencies.

Generally, this work is performed with funds allotted to the Forest Service by the Soil Conservation Service. Forest Service funds are used to finance land treatment and certain other measures on small watershed projects located on National Forest lands.

6. Job Corps Conservation Centers. The Forest Service operates 20 Job Corps Conservation Centers on National Forests throughout the United States under agreement with the Department of Labor. The Forest Service provides the staffing, administration and logistical support to physically operate and maintain the Centers and conduct the basic education, plan and supervise the recreation, and fully implement the vocational training of corpsmen. The funds for this program are transferred from Department of Labor. There are 41 to 60 permanent staff assigned to each Center based upon enrollee capacity of 112 to 224. Total capacity of all Centers is 3,568 corpsmen and Centers operate on a 24-hour, seven-day week basis. Both human and natural resources are being upgraded through these Conservation Centers, as young men improve their education and job skills in preparation for a more productive life.

7. Timber stand improvement. Funds collected from timber purchasers in connection with timber sales, under authority of the Knutson-Vandenberg Act, make possible some timber stand improvement work on cut-over areas each year looking to the establishment of natural tree growth and protecting it through the critical period of early growth. This work also helps to obtain stocking of trees of desirable species, form and quality. Timber stand improvement in promising young growth not associated with timber sale cuttings is done with funds directly appropriated by Congress.

8. Brush disposal. National Forest timber sale contracts require treatment of debris from cutting operations or deposit of funds to pay for the work. If it is not feasible for the timber purchaser to dispose of the logging slash, which is the case in most sales, it is done by the Forest Service using deposits made by the purchaser. This work is essential because logging slash increases the fire hazard and may contribute to the buildup of insect populations, increase certain disease infestations, and cause damage to stream channels.

9. Land and Water Conservation Fund. This fund, transferred from the appropriation made to the Department of the Interior, finances the acquisition of lands, waters, or interests in lands or waters by the Forest Service as well as certain other Federal agencies. The Act creating the fund from which appropriations are made requires that the lands and waters acquired be primarily of value for outdoor recreation. Means are provided for expanding outdoor recreation opportunities and protecting and improving environmental quality including natural beauty. The fund derives revenues from admission and user fees, sales of surplus real property, and motor boat fuel tax. The first purchase of recreation land made by the Forest Service was on October 19, 1965.

10. Rural fire defense. The Forest Service, as a part of its regular programs, also directs Federal activities and provides technical guidance and training to States concerned with the prevention and control of fires which might be caused by an enemy attack or a nuclear accident in rural areas of the United States. 11. Appalachian regional development program. Under the Appalachian Regional Development Act (40 USC app. 204), the Forest Service provides technical assistance to timber development organizations to improve development and utilization of timber stands in the Appalachian region. Regional and community development is encouraged and assisted with attendant progress in eliminating rural poverty. The funds for this program are transferred from the Appalachian Regional Development Commission.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The Forest Service maintains its central office in Washington with program activis decentralized to 9 regional offices, 130 forest supervisors' offices, 772 district rangers' offices, 2 State and private forestry area offices, 8 forest and range experiment stations, the Institute of Tropical Forestry, and the Forest Products Laboratory. Location of headquarters offices:

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National Forest, National Grasslands, and Utilization lands administered by the Forest Service are located in all States except the following six:

Delaware
Hawaii
Maryland

Massachusetts

New Jersey

Rhode Island

FOREST SERVICE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATIONS,

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