born in 1720, and died in 1807. Being only wood to write his Preface and translate the two years old at Watson's death, he could'History of Printing,' and paid him for his have known nothing personally about the services. Spottiswood in the circumstances History of Printing,' which was published could not, and did not desire to make any in 1713; but his father, John Paton, a book- claim to authorship, and the work accordingly seller in Edinburgh and an antiquary of has come down to us in Watson's name. some note, was contemporary with Watson. It would not be difficult to find scores of It cannot surely be taking too much for similar instances in the history of literature. granted to assume that George Paton derived his knowledge of the Spottiswood authorship from his father, who, in all likelihood, was only reporting the current opinion of Edinburgh littérateurs at the time the book was published. It is no doubt somewhat difficult to explain the silence of the editor of the 'Spottiswoode Miscellany,' 1844-5, 2 vols. The editor was a "mighty bookman," unfortunate only in not being a Scotsman, James Maidment, a learned lawyer and distinguished antiquary, a bare list of whose publications forms a small volume by itself. Maidment certainly, as MR. COUPER points out, speaks (somewhat guardedly, no doubt) as if Watson were the author. Perhaps he did not know any better in 1845, or, knowing, did not feel himself at liberty to make the matter public, especially in a publication that had little to do with Watson. If, as one might suppose, he happened on a discharged account while rummaging in the Spottiswood charter chest, or wherever he obtained the materials for the 'Miscellany,' it may have seemed to Maidment no part of his duty as an editor to publish without permission what was after all a mere private business transaction; showing that Spottiswood for certain pecuniary considerations had written Watson's Preface and translated the History of Printing' from the French. Besides, if silent about Spottiswood's authorship, he was also silent about Paton's "myth," if such it was. And yet the only memorials of George Paton that now survive -letters written to him by Ritson, Bishop Percy, and other eminent men, in two small volumes, 1829-30-were edited by James Maidment. In addition to these he edited, if he did not write, the best and most read able account of Paton that has come under my notice the sketch in the popular edition of Kay's Edinburgh Portraits.' To the best of my knowledge he has nothing but praise to bestow on George Paton. In none of Maidment's writings that I have seen is there anything to suggest a belief that Paton's literary judgments were untrustworthy. This, then, I venture to submit, is the true explanation : Watson hired Spottis 66 Permit me to say a word on a side-issue raised by MR. COUPER. The entry in Bohn's edition of Lowndes is susceptible of easy explanation. We have only to put a full stop after 58.," and make the words "Large Paper" apply to the following entries, and the meaning is plain. Bohn was correct in speaking of large-paper copies. He mentions two- -one at the Roxburghe Sale sold for 1. 10s., and the other at the Dibdin Sale for 1. 158. Perhaps the following note by Dibdin will be deemed conclusive: "The History of the Art of Printing' by Watson, Edit. 1713, 8vo, is at best but a meagre performance. It happens to be rare, and, therefore, bibliomaniacs hunt after it. My copy of it, upon Large Paper, cost me 17. 8s. It was formerly Paton's, of Edinburgh, a knowing antiquary in Scottish printing."- Bibliomania,' new edition, 1876, p. 52, foot-note. It may be added that ordinary copies now MONUMENTS ΤΟ AMERICAN INDIANS: : Of the five "This was the behaviour of Attucks ;-to whose mad behaviour, in all probability, the dreadful carnage of that night is chiefly to be ascribed. And it is in this manner, this town has been often treated; a Carr from Ireland, and an Attucks from Framingham, happening to be here, shall sally out upon their thoughtless enterprizes, at the head of such a rabble of Negroes, &c., as they can collect together, and then there are not wanting persons to ascribe all their doings to the good people of the town."—' Trial,' p. 176. 66 MR. My statement to which MR. STEVENS Mollato killed was Crispus Attucks, not takes exception was as follows: 'It has Johnson.' never, I think, been ascertained with certainty whether he was an Indian or a negro, or of mixed Indian and negro blood." STEVENS quotes the statement in Boston Gazette of 12 March, 1770, about mulatto man, named Crispus Attucks, who was born in Framingham [not Framlingham, as printed ante, p. 37]," and adds this com ment : The a "Subject to the better knowledge of your American correspondents, I think this is conclusive as to Attucks's negro blood, as if a native Indian his birthplace and subsequent movements would not be so accurately known or chronicled, and I understand also that the word 'mulatto would not have been used unless one of the parents was of negro race." as 6 66 lished in 1770: A Short Narrative of the 66 or This, however, is not conclusive. MR. STEVENS understands 66 that the word mulatto would not have been used unless one of the parents was of negro race. among them But Marshpee (formerly Mashpee), Martha's what if the other parent was an Indian? Vineyard, and Natick, the last of which The word 66 mulatto 27 comes from the adjoins Framingham. Spanish mulato, young mule. Etymologic chusetts Legislature passed An Act for In 1763 the Massaally, therefore, there is no reason why incorporating the Indians and Molattoes, the word should be restricted to those Inhabitants of Mashpee, with their Lands of mixed Europeanand negro blood; and there, into a District, with certain Privia matter of fact it has not been so ledges; and for their better Regulation restricted (see the extract dated 1727-41 in (Mass. Province Laws,' iv. 639). In 1794 the 'N.E.D.2). G. Hawley said that Let me now briefly indicate what is known | between eighty and ninety Indian houses, at Marshpee are about Crispus Attucks. The Boston Gazette if we reckon those who have affinity with of 2 Oct., 1750, contained an advertisement them. This blood is mixed; but the Indian in part as follows:blood prevails in a very considerable degree.' In 1807 we are told that the Indians on Martha's Vineyard with white and negro blood, very few of them are much intermixed being pure Indians " ('Mass. Hist. CollecHistory of Natick,' 1830, W. Biglow, tions,' Second Series, iii. 4, 93). In his speaking of Cæsar Ferrit, said :— Ran-away from his Master William Brown of Framingham, on the 30th of Sept. last, a Molatto Fellow, about 27 Years of Age, named Crispas, 6 Feet two Inches high, short curl'd Hair, his Knees nearer together than common." It has been supposed that this Crispas and Crispus Attucks were identical. In 1859 C. H. Morse said : "I learn from a grandson of the above William Browne of Framingham, that Crispus Attucks was a slave of said Browne; and I do not learn that he ever had any other slave named Crispus. The descendants of Mr. Browne have a pewter drinking cup, worn by Attucks when he fell, which I have seen. They have also his powder horn."-New. Eng. Hist. and Gen. Register, xiii. 300. At the time of the tragedy it was supposed that the man killed was Michael Johnson, and he was so called in the inquest, though the document is filed "Inquest on Body of Mich Johnson Alias Crispus Attucks" (ibid., xliv. 382-3). The postscript to The Boston News-Letter of 8 March, 1770, called him 86 a Mollatto Man, named Johnson but in the supplement to the issue of 15 March it was said that "The Name of the He was born on one of the West India islands, and was to be hanged (Temple's History of Framing. ham, p. 61). In 1887 Temple wrote: "Crispus Attucks, who is admitted to have been the leader of the party, was a mulatto, born near the Framingham town line, a short distance to the eastward of the State Arsenal. The old cellarhole where the Attucks family lived is still visible. He was probably a descendant of John Auttuck, an Indian, who was taken prisoner and executed ....in June, 1676. Probably the family had intermarried with negroes who were slaves, and as the offspring of such marriages were held to be slaves, he inherited their condition, although it seems likely that the blood of three races coursed through his veins."-Pp. 254-5. The above evidence clearly proves, I think, that my original statement was none too cautious. IS MR. STEVENS sure that his copy of The Boston Gazette of 12 March, 1770, is genuine, and not a facsimile? Original copies of that issue are much sought after by collectors (fetching about two pounds at auction), while facsimiles are common. Boston, U.S. ALBERT MATTHEWS. the last spring, in cold blood, and unprovoked murdered all the relations of Logan, not sparing even my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of anv living creature. This called on me for revenge. "I have sought it; I have killed many; I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country I rejoice at the beams of peace; but do not harbor the thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one." The charge in the speech of the coldblooded murder of Logan's family by Cresap was endorsed and enlarged upon by Jefferson in the earlier editions of his Notes on Virginia. In a later edition the charge was modified, but not entirely withdrawn ; and the controversy on the subject was thoroughly investigated and reviewed by Col. Brantz Mayer, of Baltimore, Maryland, a noted antiquary and historical scholar, and the result of his work was published in a monograph with the title Tah-Gah-Jute; or, Logan and Cresap,' the first edition appearing in 1851, and an enlarged and INDIAN CHIEF'S ORATION TO LORD DUN-I refer your correspondent for further details. more comprehensive one in 1867, to which MORE (11 S. i. 129).—The speech of the There is little doubt of Cresap's entire innoIndian chief Logan, concerning which CIVIS cence of the crime charged. inquires, was made famous by Thomas Jefferson in his Notes on Virginia,' where he quoted it as an illustration of Indian character, genius, and eloquence. For several generations after the publication of that book the speech was a favourite declamation of American schoolboys, and is to be found in the American school Readers" and Speakers "of that period. Mr. Jefferson's version of the speech is not the earliest one, but is probably the best known, and so I append it for your correspondent's information. It has been stated on good authority that the speech was delivered by Logan on the occasion of a visit, in 1774, by General John Gibson, under a flag of truce to arrange a peace, to the Indian village where Logan was, during Lord Dunmore's war or expedition against the Indians, General Gibson being attached to that expedition. Logan's speech is thus given by Jefferson, 'Notes on Virginia,' ed. 1794, p. 91 :— I appeal to any white man to say if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat; if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites that my countrymen pointed as they passed, and said: Logan is the friend of white men.' "I had even thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man. Col. Cresap, Washington, D.C. JOHN T. LOOMIS. Logan's speech was first printed in American newspapers early in 1775, and has been reprinted scores of times in this country. In a long note at iii. 157-65 of P. L. Ford's edition of Jefferson's 'Writings,' Mr. Ford discusses the accuracy of Jefferson's account which precedes the speech, the authenticity of the speech itself, and the nativity of Logan. ALBERT MATTHEWS. Boston, U.S. AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS Wanted (11 S. i. 169).—T. W. L. H. will find the fourth of his quotations, "Talk of mountains now," &c., in Browning's Mr. Sludge, the Medium.' M. A. M. M. BENTLEY PRIORY (10 S. xii. 487).-The following notice of this house will be found in Col. Rivett-Carnac's Many Memories,' reviewed ante. p. 178. Describing a posting tour made in 1872, the author writes (p. 252): "Our first stage was a short one to Bentley Priory, Stanmore, then the property of our kind The old friends Sir John and Lady Kelk. house, which had at one time been the residence of the Queen Dowager, still exists, I believe, as an Hôtel. The rooms and grounds and all accessories were very beautiful, and not inferior in comfort to those of the finest places in England. There was in those days a tennis court (not a lawn-tennis court, please) and a covered riding-school for the young people of the house. After luncheon Sir John took me for a walk through the extensive and beautiful grounds that surrounded the house, and our small dog, which did not take kindly to the French maid or my man, accompanied us on our stroll. Suddenly there was a series of yaps, and the sound of the rushing of many wings. The small dog had left the path, and, entering an adjoining plantation, had put up a hundred or so of pheasants, packed there to await the first of October. The idea of pheasant shooting within almost cab-limit of Hyde Park Corner seemed to me almost an impossibility, but showed what money could ensure. OUTIS. MONTHS THEIR UNEQUAL DIVISION (11 S. i. 188). If the year be divided into twelve portions (no doubt originally adopted because each of these is nearly the length of a lunar month, though slightly exceeding it), these could only be made equal by introducing either five intercalary days at the end of each year (which would have to be six each fourth year), or an intercalary month at the end of six years, which could not be always of exactly the same length. Proposals of this kind have been made; the latest emanated from Peru, on which I commented in Nature for 24 February (it included other propositions about the days of the week); but it is evident that such drastic changes would cause great confusion and inconvenience. But if M. DE WARTEGG merely means, Why are not the alternate changes of thirty and thirty-one days for each month more regular, without the recurrence of con secutive months of thirty-one days each in July and August? the answer is that Julius Cæsar so arranged it when he reformed the Roman calendar, on which ours is founded d; and it was altered by Augustus merely in order that his month might have as many days as that of Julius. This is pointed out in the chapter on the calendar in the last edition of my 'Celestial Motions: a Handy Book of Astronomy.' The alteration was an unfortunate one; but to change it now would cause more trouble than it would save. WASHINGTON'S ORDER OF CINCINNATUS (10 S. xii. 328).-The French military paper Le Carnet de la Sabretache published an interesting account of this order and its French members in last year's issue, pp. 609-23, including a reproduction of the brevet of the order as granted to Count d'Autichamp. CHARLES NOUGUIER. La Vallée, Château Renard, Loiret. METRICAL PRAYER AND PASSION EMBLEMS (11 S. i. 67, 152).-The same design is reproduced, with slight differences (from a Bullock, B.D., in early life), in The Day of copy made by the editor, the Rev. Charles Days for the present month. Copies of the to the publisher, Home Words office, 11, engraving will be supplied on application Ludgate Square, E.C. Durham. 66 J. T. F. PRINTERS OF THE STATUTES IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY (11 S. i. 106).—For the sake of accuracy I may point out to R. S. B. that the name Tetsweirt "he twice quotes is a misspelling. It should be Yetsweirt. See Prof. Arber's List of London Publishers,' 1890, p. 32. WM. JAGGARD. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. nothing can excel the graceful lines and excellence of workmanship characterizing the Gothic style." In the style called Maximilian, which came into vogue during the early part of the sixteenth British and Foreign Arms and Armour. By C. H. century, armour reached its zenith; but the Ashdown. (T. C. & E. C. Jack.) AN endeavour is here made to give as complete a history of arms and armour as is consistent with the limitations of space contained in a single volume. After enumerating the best-known previous works on the subject, and pointing out their imperfections, the author continues: It is with a view to rectifying this obvious requirement that the following pages have been compiled, and it is confidently anticipated that a careful reading and digest of each separate period of armour, supplemented with the study of local brasses, effigies, museums, private collections, &c., will enable the average student to attack the more advanced works upon the subject with equal profit and pleasure." Mr. Ashdown is rightly severe on the lack of knowledge of these matters which is displayed in the illustrations of historical books, magazines, and even on the stage : "The average Englishman is probably more unacquainted with arms and armour than any other technical subject. Beyond a general idea that the Crusaders fought in mail, and the Wars of the Roses were waged by warriors clad in plate, his knowledge does not extend, and he consequently witnesses many startling incongruities upon the stage of a theatre, or the arena of a pageant, with the most profound indifference. He will perceive Richard III. in a camail, and Ivanhoe in a salade, with the utmost complacency. ....In one theatre recently we have witnessed Bolingbroke in a fifteenth-century tabard, a waist belt, and round-toed sabbatons....Henry V. a camail, late fifteenth-century gauntlets, twentieth-century boots, and vambraces covering parts of his coudières....But in the illustrations of historical scenes in books and magazines equal ignorance prevails, and a knight in pure mail and a surcoat, making love to a maiden in a reticulated head-dress, seated under a two-centred Tudor archway, is only an example of the incongruities which almost every day insult the intelligence and offend the eyesight of the educated reader." in The writer is especially eloquent and erudite when dealing with medieval armour; and the examples of monumental brasses are numerous and well selected. Regarding the fifteenth century we read : "In the combat during this century between the forgers of weapons of offence and the armour with which to resist them we have the greatest struggle ever witnessed in this country; so invulnerable did the plate become by completeness of covering and dexterity in tempering that all the efforts of the bowyer, fletcher, weaponforger, and gunsmith had to be enlisted to break down the solidarity of the defence, and it was not until the succeeding century that the victory could be fairly claimed for the attacking faction." In dealing with the subject of Gothic armour the author says: "The second half of the fifteenth century saw armour not only in its highest development, but also of the most beautiful form, for increasing efficiency of fire-arms sounded the death knell of this form of defence, and towards the end of the century, except for tilting and ceremonial occasions, cap-à-pie armour was no longer to be seen in the field: "Armour had served its purpose so long as sword and lance, javelin and bolt, were the usual weapons of war; but when it was discovered that against the deadly lead of the arquebus it was of was gradually discarded as obsolete and cumberno avail, it some. is well worth studying. Arms are dealt with separately, and the subject Within its limitations the volume is excellent, particularly in regard to armour of the Middle Ages. A useful index is provided, and there are some fine photographic reproductions of various examples of armour in the Royal Armory at Madrid and elsewhere. Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire. By Ludwig Friedländer. Translated by J. H. Freese. Vol. III. (Routledge & Sons.) WE welcome the completion of the text of Friedländer's great work, the presentation of which to English readers should be a real boon. Once again we congratulate the publishers on their enterprise in securing a competent translation of a book which opens up the whole world of later Rome (a world in many ways like our own) to the general reader. The obligations of the scholar will be further increased when he hears that a supplementary volume, containing the Notes and Excursuses omitted from the seventh (popular) German edition, will be published this year in a rendering due to the translator of the volume before us. This volume is of exceptional interest throughout. It first gathers up with the erudition of a master the various hints we have of the literary conditions of the time, and gives us a lucid picture of Belles-Lettres: Poetry and Artistic Prose." Chapters on Religion, Philosophy as a Moral Educator,' and Belief in the Immortality of the Soul' follow. These chapters will be found all too short especially in the description of the struggle between paganism and Christianity. At the end there is a useful index to the three volumes. The careful perusal of a book of this sort by a master of Roman lore will afford at once more profit, and, we think, more entertainment to the reader, be he student or mere amateur, than a host of primers and extracts. There is first MESSRS. VICKERS's Newspaper Gazetteer for 1910 has now reached its eleventh annual issue. an alphabetical list, followed by a list of places The plan of the work is excellent. where newspapers are published, and then a list of class and trade papers. interest to our readers will be found under Those of special Antiquities, which supports seven, and Archæology which has five. N. & Q.' is placed under Literature, which is represented by twenty-two. The editor, as usual, brings the Gazetteer' well up to date, the most recent changes being recorded. |