Kötlugja, eruptions of, since the colonization of | Lava streams of Iceland, 69, 77. Krasnojarsk, Castrén's visit to, 175, 176. -, extravagance of the gold aristocracy of, 218. Kresdowosd wishensk, produce of the gold mine of, Krisuvik, burning mountains of, 69. Krotow, Lieutenant, lost off Nova Zembla, 147. their personal appearance and dress, 331. their wars with the Esquimaux, 333. their mode of pounding the moose-deer, 333. their huts, 334. Kutchum Khan, his conquest of Siberia, 192. defeated by Yermak the robber, at Tobolsk, his revenge, 194. L. LABRADOR, barren lands of, 22. effect of the icy seas and cold currents on the 335. discovered and colonized by Greenlanders, Lächow Islands, discovery of the, 202. Lambert, M. Gustave, his opinion as to the route Lancaster Sound, discovery of the entrance to, 343. poverty and self-denial of their clergy, 157. 156, 157. Evil Spirit of the woods, 157. , sorcery and witchcraft, 158. Lappars, the Fjall, or Mountain Lapps, 159. their dwellings, 159. their reindeer pens, 160. streams of, thrown out by the great eruption Laxaa, or Salmon river, abundance of fish caught Leif, the Norwegian jarl, his visit to Iceland, 90. Lemming, its habitat and food, 42. exaggerations of Olaus Magnus and Pontop- its enemies, and accidents to which it is lia- of Nova Zembla, 153. of the Pribilow Islands, 271. Liddon, Lieut. M., his Arctic voyages, 345. Lindenow, Godske, his voyage to Greenland, 383. the sea-, of the Antarctic Ocean, 399. Loaisa, Garcia de, his voyage round the globe, 413. cod-fishery of the, 125, 126. Looming objects in the Arctic regions, 55. Löstadius, the Lapp priest, his self-denial and pov- Loucheux, See Kutchin Indians. Löwenorn, his voyage to Greenland, 385. Lütke, Admiral, his endeavors to penetrate along Lychnis, purple, of the Arctic regions, 20. their summer and winter encampments, 161. Lyon, Captain, his unsuccessful voyage, 348. their sledges and skates, 161. natural beauties of their country, 162. their love of home, 162. their mode of hunting the bear and the.wolf, 163, 164. the wealthy, and their mode of living, 164. their worship of mammon, treasure hoard- their fondness for brandy and tobacco, 165. the Skogslappars, or Forest Lapps, 166. Laptew, Lieut. Cheriton, his explorations of the Magellan, Strait of, 408. Magerö, island of, 129. Magicians of the Samoïedes, 180, 181. Muchamor, the fungus, used as food by the Kam- Malewinsky, Lieutenant, his gold mine of Olginsk, Mud-springs, boiling, of Iceland, 70. gold mine of, 217. Marshes of Newfoundland, 377. Marten, pine (Martes abietum), the, 316. value of the fur of the, 316. Mary Minturn river, flowers of, 20. Münich, Marshal, his exile to Siberia, 205. Murderers, treatment of, in Russia, 206. Muscovy Company, its endeavors to discover a Musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus), description of the, 40. villages, 318. modes of catching the animal, 318. Matiuschkin, his sledge journey over the Polar Sea, Myvatn, ducks of the, 84. 241. Matoschkin Schar, visits to, 147-152. Matthew, St., island of, inhospitable character of Matthew's Straits, visited by Rosmysslow, Pach- his voyage in the "Fox," and discovery of his discovery of the north-west passage, 360. in the seas off Spitzbergen, 133. his son restored to the honors of his house, 205. Mercy, harbor of, 412. Middendorff, Von, his adventures in Taimurland, his visit to the Chatanga river, 221. his journey down the Taimur river to the Polar Sea, 221–223. his return journey and illness, 223-225. his observations on the climate and natural productions of Taimurland, 225. Midnight, silence of, in Spitzbergen, 135. Milk of the reindeer, 36. Minerals of Iceland, 88. N. NADDODR, the Norwegian pirate, his discovery of Námar, or boiling mud-springs of Iceland, 70. Narwhal, or sea-unicorn, domain of the, 60. Greenland fishery of the, 387. criminals at the mines of, 206. its desolate appearance, 376. its forests, marshes, and barrens, 376, 377. its lakes and ponds, 377, 378. its fur-bearing animals, 378. its reindeer and wolves, 378. its climate and inhabitants, 378. its capital, St. John's, 378, 379. history of the island, 379. taken possession of by the English, 379. on the banks of, 379. the French town of Placentia, 379. the whole island ceded to England, 379. the great banks of, 380. account of the mode of fishing, 380. -, seal-catching, 381. Mink (Vison Americanus), value of the fur of the, Newspapers of Iceland, 110. 316. Misery, Mount, 145. Mollusca, small, of the Polar Seas, 59. Moonlight nights in the Arctic regions, 32, 33. Morton, one of Dr. Kane's crew, his illness, 368. his discovery of Washington Land, 369. Mosquitoes of Nishne-Kolymsk, 235. Mosses, dingy, of the "barren grounds," 18. of Nova Zembla, 153. of the Pribilow Islands, 270, 271. Mourawieff, Count Nicholas, his annexation of the Mouse, field, of Spitzbergen, 137. Night of a Polar winter, Kane's description of, 366. Norfolk Bay, position and fur-trade of, 272. attempts to discover it, 335–337. North Pole, the first attempt to sail across the, 342. 350. Dr. Hayes's opinion as to the practicability eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland, North Pole, opinions of other scientific authorities, Oraefa Jökul, height of, 69. M'Clure's discovery of the, 360. its wars with the Hudson's Bay Company, causes of the mild climate of the coast of, 121. 95. Orange Island, visited by Barentz, 339. Osborne, Captain Sherard, his opinion as to the their winter huts, 186. their attachment to their ancient customs, their clans, and princes, or chieftains, 187. their personal appearance, and customs, 188. confirmed by the Czar in the possession of Ostrich, Darwin's, of Patagonia, 420. Ostrownoje, town and fair of, 263-265. Otter, the sea-, or kalan (Enhydris lutris), value of -, description of, 211. chase of the, in Kamchatka, 258. Otter, the fish- (Lutra Canadensis), 317. Owl, its favorite food, 43. its winter in the highest latitudes, 43. Ox, the, in Iceland, 80. Oyster, most northerly limit where found, 126. other animals of, 154, 155. wintering of the Dutch under Barentz at, 340. Novgorod, the Great, subdued by the Czar Ivan I., 191. Nowodsikoff, Michael, his discoveries, 201. Nullipores on the coast of Greenland, 59. P. PACHTUssow, his circumnavigation of the southern his second voyage and death, 149, 150. its tendency to separate in calm weather, 54. Nun, or Jilibeambaertje, the Supreme Being of the Parrots of Patagonia, 420. 0. OBDORSK, Castrén's visit to, 174. -, description of the town, 188. Obi river, importance of, 17. barren grounds near the, 22. its importance to the Ostiaks, 185. Castrén's journey to the, 174. misery caused by the overflow of the, 175. Ochota river, the, 246. Ochotsk, sea of, reached by a party of Cossacks, description of the town, 246. Olaf Truggeson, King of Norway, sends a mission- Olginsk, gold mine of, 218. Olonez, number of bears killed for their skins every Ommaney, Captain, his search for Franklin, 357. Onkilon, or sedentary Tchuktchi, 267. their mode of life, 267. Parry, Lieut. W. E. (afterwards Admiral Sir), his his second voyage, 348. his third voyage, 349. abandonment of the "Fury," 349. his boat and sledge journey towards the Pole, his subsequent career, 351. Parry, Mount, discovery of, 369. Dr. Hayes's journey to, 373, 374. Päsina river, scanty population of the, 220. the people of, 417, 420. difference of climate between the east and west, 417. aridity of the east of, 417, 418. large rivers of, 418. animals of, 418, 419. introduction of the horse, 424. fashions of the Patagonians, 421. their religious ideas, 421. their superstitions and astronomical knowl- their division into tribes, 422. their huts, 422. their trading routes, 423. Patagonians, their system of government, and great Razor-bill, its nests on the most northern rocks, 67. Red-knife Indians, their hunting-grounds, 327. their arms, amusements, and character, 424. Red-pole, the, of Spitzbergen, 137. Paul, St., climate of the island, 271. chase of the sea-bear on the, 313. Paul the First, discovery of the Island of, 274. Penas, gulf of, glacier at the, 394. Penguin, the, of the Antarctic seas, 395. RACOON (Procyon lotor), 315, 378. value and trade in the skins of the, 316. Rae, Dr., his search for Sir John Richardson, 357. his discovery of the fate of Franklin and his Raipass, copper mines at, 128. Red river colony, destruction of the, 308. Reindeer, its summer and winter quarters in the Resanow, Jakin, his gold-fields, 214. "Rescue," wreck of the, 440. Reykjahlid, boiling mud-caldrons of, 70. Reykjavik, mean annual temperature of, 78. the present capital of Iceland, 91. account of, 99, 100. the annual fair of, 100. salary of the bishop of, 106. schools and library of, 108, 109. the Icelandic Literary Society, 110. Rhinoceros remains found on the coast of North- Richardson, Dr. (afterwards Sir John), his Arc.ic dreadful sufferings of the party, 346, 347. of Iceland, 78. Rocky Mountains, the wild sheep of the, 41. Ranunculus, snow (Ranunculus nivalis), of Nova Roebuck, near Lake Baikal, 40. Zembla, 153. Rat, musk-. See Musquash. Ravens of Iceland, 84. in Scandinavian mythology, 84, 85. 85. Rorquals, or fin-whales, habitat and size of the, 60. Rosmysslow, his investigations of the shores of superstitions of the Icelanders respecting the, Ross, Capt. (afterwards Sir John), Arctic voyages of, 344. 31 Ross, Sir John, his second journey, 351. his five years in the Arctic Ocean, 351-354. his discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean, 402. -, his danger between two icebergs, 406. Russia, character of the coniferæ of, 23, 24. 40. the elk of the woods of the northern parts of, -, conquest of, by the Tartars under Baaty 191. liberated from the Tartar yoke by Ivan I., advances of, in Siberia, 195. annexes the country of the Amoor, 196. condition of the natives under the yoke of, 213. exiles from, to Siberia, 204-206. his voyage to Greenland, 385, 386. Scurvy in Spitzbergen, 140–142. -, preservative against, 141. Lapp mode of preventing the, 166. Sea, influence of the, on the severity of the Arctic value of the skins annually imported by, 212, Sea, Antarctic, compared with the Arctic regions, life and dwellings in Nishne-Kolymsk, 236. -, Company, patent granted to the, to fish off Russian Fur Company, account of the, and its trade, S. SABINE, Mount, discovery of, 402. Sable, value of the, to the Cossack conquerors of importance and beauty of the fur of the, 209. Sabrina Land, discovery of, 401, 402. Sajan Mountains, Castrén's journey over the, 177. Salmon, shoals of, in the rivers of the Arctic regions, 19. abundance of, in Iceland, 87. of the Sea of Ochotsk, 246, 247. their drunkenness, 171. their impatience of confinement, 171-173. 391. ice-blink, 54. summer fogs, 54. clearness of the atmosphere and apparent near- phenomena of reflection and refraction of the causes which prevent the accumulation of the animals of the, 40, 43, 44, 59. Von Middendorff's journey down the Taimur Wrangell's nights on the Polar sea, 239. , voyages of the English and Dutch, 335 et their Supreme Being, Num, or Jilibeambaert- Sea-bear of Bering's sea, 62. 199. their recourse to incantations, 180. their idols, 180, 181. their reverence paid to the dead, 181. their entire number in Europe and Asia, 184. the companions of Von Middendorff on his Smund Frode, his Icelandic works, 94. Sea-eagles of the coast of Norway, 125. of the Pribilow Islands, 271. hunts of the Esquimaux, 295, 296. catching at Newfoundland, 381. hunting on the coasts of Greenland, 384, 446. Seals, the, of the Polar seas, 62. their uses to man, 62, 446. the Antarctic, 399, 400. |