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Kötlugja, eruptions of, since the colonization of | Lava streams of Iceland, 69, 77.
Iceland, 95, 97.

Krasnojarsk, Castrén's visit to, 175, 176.

-, extravagance of the gold aristocracy of, 218.
Krenitzin, his discovery of the peninsula of Aljaska,
202.

Kresdowosd wishensk, produce of the gold mine of,
218.

Krisuvik, burning mountains of, 69.

Krotow, Lieutenant, lost off Nova Zembla, 147.
Kutchin Indians, their dwelling-place, 331.

their personal appearance and dress, 331.
their medium of exchange, 331.
their women and children, 332.
their amusements, 332.

their wars with the Esquimaux, 333.
their suspicious and timorous lives, 333.

their mode of pounding the moose-deer, 333.
their frequent distress, 334.

their huts, 334.

Kutchum Khan, his conquest of Siberia, 192.

defeated by Yermak the robber, at Tobolsk,
193, 194.

his revenge, 194.

L.

LABRADOR, barren lands of, 22.

effect of the icy seas and cold currents on the
climate of, 22.

335.

discovered and colonized by Greenlanders,

Lächow Islands, discovery of the, 202.
Lagarfliot river, in Iceland, 78.
Lakes of Newfoundland, 377.

Lambert, M. Gustave, his opinion as to the route
to the Pole, 375.

Lancaster Sound, discovery of the entrance to, 343.
Lapps, their history and conversion to Christianity,
156.

poverty and self-denial of their clergy, 157.
their ancient gods and present superstitions,

156, 157.

Evil Spirit of the woods, 157.

, sorcery and witchcraft, 158.
their personal appearance, 158.

Lappars, the Fjall, or Mountain Lapps, 159.

their dwellings, 159.

their reindeer pens, 160.

streams of, thrown out by the great eruption
of Skaptar Jökul, 95–97.

Laxaa, or Salmon river, abundance of fish caught
in the, 87.

Leif, the Norwegian jarl, his visit to Iceland, 90.
murdered by his Irish slaves, 91.

Lemming, its habitat and food, 42.

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exaggerations of Olaus Magnus and Pontop-
pidan respecting the, 42.

its enemies, and accidents to which it is lia-
ble, 42.

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of Nova Zembla, 153.

of the Pribilow Islands, 271.

Liddon, Lieut. M., his Arctic voyages, 345.

Lindenow, Godske, his voyage to Greenland, 383.
Lion, sea- (Otaria Stelleri), value of the skin of the,
276.

the sea-, of the Antarctic Ocean, 399.
Lister, Cape, discovery of, 385.
Lithuania, the elk of, 39.

Loaisa, Garcia de, his voyage round the globe, 413.
Lofoten Islands, the, 125.

cod-fishery of the, 125, 126.

Looming objects in the Arctic regions, 55.
Loschkin, the walrus-hunter, his voyage on the coast
of Nova Zembla, 147.

Löstadius, the Lapp priest, his self-denial and pov-
erty, 157.

Loucheux, See Kutchin Indians.
Louis-Philippe Terre, discovery of, 402.
Lovunnen, puffins of, 125.

Löwenorn, his voyage to Greenland, 385.

Lütke, Admiral, his endeavors to penetrate along
the coast of Nova Zembla, 147.

Lychnis, purple, of the Arctic regions, 20.
Lynx, Canada, or pishu (Lynx Canadensis), 317.
value of the fur of the, 212, 317.

their summer and winter encampments, 161. Lyon, Captain, his unsuccessful voyage, 348.

their sledges and skates, 161.

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natural beauties of their country, 162.

their love of home, 162.

their mode of hunting the bear and the.wolf,

163, 164.

the wealthy, and their mode of living, 164.
their annual visits to the fairs, 165.
their drunkenness, 165.

their worship of mammon, treasure hoard-
ing, 165.

their fondness for brandy and tobacco, 165.
their affectionate disposition, 166.

the Skogslappars, or Forest Lapps, 166.
the Fisher, 166.

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Laptew, Lieut. Cheriton, his explorations of the Magellan, Strait of, 408.

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Magerö, island of, 129.

Magicians of the Samoïedes, 180, 181.

Muchamor, the fungus, used as food by the Kam-
chatkans, 258.

Malewinsky, Lieutenant, his gold mine of Olginsk, Mud-springs, boiling, of Iceland, 70.

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gold mine of, 217.

Marshes of Newfoundland, 377.

Marten, pine (Martes abietum), the, 316.

value of the fur of the, 316.

Mary Minturn river, flowers of, 20.

Münich, Marshal, his exile to Siberia, 205.
his return and subsequent life, 206.
Munk, Jens, his voyages, 343.
Munkholm, castle of, 124.

Murderers, treatment of, in Russia, 206.

Muscovy Company, its endeavors to discover a
north-east passage to India, 336.

Musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus), description of the, 40.
its former and present habitat, 40, 41.
Musquash, musk-rat, or ondatra (Fiber zibethicus),
317.

villages, 318.

modes of catching the animal, 318.
value of the fur of the, 318.
Mussels on the coast of Greenland, 59.

Matiuschkin, his sledge journey over the Polar Sea, Myvatn, ducks of the, 84.

241.

Matoschkin Schar, visits to, 147-152.

Matthew, St., island of, inhospitable character of
the, 271.

Matthew's Straits, visited by Rosmysslow, Pach-
tussow, and Herr von Baer, 147–152.
McClintock, Lieut. (now Sir Leopold), his search
for Franklin, 360.

his voyage in the "Fox," and discovery of
the fate of Franklin and his companions, 362-364.
McClure, Captain, his search for Franklin, 359-361.

his discovery of the north-west passage, 360.
Mecham, Lieut., his search for Franklin, 360.
Mediterranean, dried codfish sent to the, 129.
Medusæ, enormous numbers of, in the Polar world,
59.

in the seas off Spitzbergen, 133.
Melville Bay, enormous glaciers of, 49, 50.
Melville Island, discovery of, 345.
Mentschikoff, Prince, his exile and death in Siberia,
205.

his son restored to the honors of his house,

205.
Mercy Bay, discovery of, 361.

Mercy, harbor of, 412.

Middendorff, Von, his adventures in Taimurland,
220.

his visit to the Chatanga river, 221.

his journey down the Taimur river to the

Polar Sea, 221–223.

his return journey and illness, 223-225.
gratitude of the Samoïedes, 224.

his observations on the climate and natural

productions of Taimurland, 225.

Midnight, silence of, in Spitzbergen, 135.

Milk of the reindeer, 36.

Minerals of Iceland, 88.

N.

NADDODR, the Norwegian pirate, his discovery of
Iceland, 89.

Námar, or boiling mud-springs of Iceland, 70.
Narborough, Sir John, his chart of the Strait of
Magellan, 414.

Narwhal, or sea-unicorn, domain of the, 60.
its tusk, 61.

Greenland fishery of the, 387.
Narym, Castrén's visit to, 175.
Necromancy of the Samoïedes, 180.
Nertschinsk, treaty of, 196.

criminals at the mines of, 206.
Ness, Castrén's visit to the Samoïede village of, 172.
Newfoundland, discovered and colonized by Green-
landers, 335.

its desolate appearance, 376.

its forests, marshes, and barrens, 376, 377.

its lakes and ponds, 377, 378.

its fur-bearing animals, 378.

its reindeer and wolves, 378.

its climate and inhabitants, 378.

its capital, St. John's, 378, 379.

history of the island, 379.

taken possession of by the English, 379.
right of the French and Americans to fish

on the banks of, 379.

the French town of Placentia, 379.

the whole island ceded to England, 379.
importance of the cod-fisheries, 379.

the great banks of, 380.

account of the mode of fishing, 380.
fogs and storms, 380, 381.

-, seal-catching, 381.

Mink (Vison Americanus), value of the fur of the, Newspapers of Iceland, 110.

316.

Misery, Mount, 145.

Mollusca, small, of the Polar Seas, 59.

Moonlight nights in the Arctic regions, 32, 33.
Morse. See Walrus.

Morton, one of Dr. Kane's crew, his illness, 368.

his discovery of Washington Land, 369.

Mosquitoes of Nishne-Kolymsk, 235.

Mosses, dingy, of the "barren grounds," 18.

of Nova Zembla, 153.

of the Pribilow Islands, 270, 271.

Mourawieff, Count Nicholas, his annexation of the
Amoor, 196.

Mouse, field, of Spitzbergen, 137.

Night of a Polar winter, Kane's description of, 366.
Nicolayevsk, station of, built by the Russians, 196.
Noiba, gold-diggings on the, 216.

Norfolk Bay, position and fur-trade of, 272.
North-eastern route to India and China, Sebastian
Cabot's idea of, 335.

attempts to discover it, 335–337.

North Pole, the first attempt to sail across the, 342.
the plan first suggested by Thorne, 342.
-, Scoresby's near approach to the, 344.
Parry's boat and sledge journey towards the,

350.

Dr. Hayes's opinion as to the practicability
of reaching the, across Kennedy Channel, 374.

eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland,

North Pole, opinions of other scientific authorities, Oraefa Jökul, height of, 69.
as to the best way to reach, 374.
North-west passage to India, attempts to discover
the, 342, 343.

M'Clure's discovery of the, 360.
Company of Canada, formation and trade of
the, 307.

its wars with the Hudson's Bay Company,
and final amalgamation, 308–310.
Northumberland Sound, temperature of, 28.
Notothenia, the, of the Antarctic seas, 400.
Norway, the lemming of the Dovrefjeld, in, 42.
-, an absolute monarchy established by Harold
Haarfager in, 90.

causes of the mild climate of the coast of, 121.
condition of the soil, and of the cultivators
of it, 121-123.

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95.

Orange Island, visited by Barentz, 339.
Orc. See Grampus.

Osborne, Captain Sherard, his opinion as to the
method of reaching the North Pole, 374.
Ostiaks, their fishing-grounds on the Obi, 175.
their summer huts and mode of life, 185, 186.
their poverty, 186.

their winter huts, 186.

their attachment to their ancient customs,
186, 187.

their clans, and princes, or chieftains, 187.
their excellence as archers, 187.

their personal appearance, and customs, 188.
annual tribute levied by Yermak, the robber,
on them, 194.

confirmed by the Czar in the possession of
their lands, 199.

Ostrich, Darwin's, of Patagonia, 420.

Ostrownoje, town and fair of, 263-265.

Otter, the sea-, or kalan (Enhydris lutris), value of
the fur of the, 211, 212.

-, description of, 211.

chase of the, in Kamchatka, 258.
hunting of the Aleuts, 273.

Otter, the fish- (Lutra Canadensis), 317.
fur of the, 317.

Owl, its favorite food, 43.

its winter in the highest latitudes, 43.

Ox, the, in Iceland, 80.

Oyster, most northerly limit where found, 126.

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other animals of, 154, 155.

wintering of the Dutch under Barentz at, 340.

Novgorod, the Great, subdued by the Czar Ivan I.,

191.

Nowodsikoff, Michael, his discoveries, 201.
Nudibranchiata, enormous numbers of, in the Polar
seas, 59.

Nullipores on the coast of Greenland, 59.

P.

PACHTUssow, his circumnavigation of the southern
island of Nova Zembla, 148.

his second voyage and death, 149, 150.
Pack-ice, 46.

its tendency to separate in calm weather, 54.
Paikoff, his discovery of the Fox Islands, 201.

Nun, or Jilibeambaertje, the Supreme Being of the Parrots of Patagonia, 420.
Samoïedes, 179.

0.

OBDORSK, Castrén's visit to, 174.

-, description of the town, 188.
the fair at, 189.

Obi river, importance of, 17.

barren grounds near the, 22.

its importance to the Ostiaks, 185.

Castrén's journey to the, 174.

misery caused by the overflow of the, 175.
inhabitants of the banks of the, 175.

Ochota river, the, 246.

Ochotsk, sea of, reached by a party of Cossacks,
195.

description of the town, 246.

Olaf Truggeson, King of Norway, sends a mission-
ary to Iceland, 93, 94.

Olginsk, gold mine of, 218.

Olonez, number of bears killed for their skins every
year in, 212.

Ommaney, Captain, his search for Franklin, 357.
his discovery of Franklin's first winter-quar-
ters, 357.

Onkilon, or sedentary Tchuktchi, 267.

their mode of life, 267.

Parry, Lieut. W. E. (afterwards Admiral Sir), his
Arctic voyages, 344.

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his second voyage, 348.

his third voyage, 349.

abandonment of the "Fury," 349.

his boat and sledge journey towards the Pole,

his subsequent career, 351.

Parry, Mount, discovery of, 369.

Dr. Hayes's journey to, 373, 374.
Mountains, discovery of the, 403.

Päsina river, scanty population of the, 220.
Patagonia, Captain Fitzroy's survey of, 415.

the people of, 417, 420.

difference of climate between the east and

west, 417.

aridity of the east of, 417, 418.

large rivers of, 418.

animals of, 418, 419.

introduction of the horse, 424.

fashions of the Patagonians, 421.

their religious ideas, 421.

their superstitions and astronomical knowl-
edge, 422.

their division into tribes, 422.

their huts, 422.

their trading routes, 423.

Patagonians, their system of government, and great Razor-bill, its nests on the most northern rocks, 67.
cacique, 423.

Red-knife Indians, their hunting-grounds, 327.

their arms, amusements, and character, 424. Red-pole, the, of Spitzbergen, 137.

Paul, St., climate of the island, 271.

chase of the sea-bear on the, 313.

Paul the First, discovery of the Island of, 274.
Pekan, or woodshock (Martes Canadensis), fur of
the, 316.

Penas, gulf of, glacier at the, 394.

Penguin, the, of the Antarctic seas, 395.

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RACOON (Procyon lotor), 315, 378.

value and trade in the skins of the, 316.

Rae, Dr., his search for Sir John Richardson, 357.
his discoveries in the Arctic seas, 357.

his discovery of the fate of Franklin and his
crew, 362.

Raipass, copper mines at, 128.

Red river colony, destruction of the, 308.
Red sharks of Iceland, 81.

Reindeer, its summer and winter quarters in the
Arctic regions, 19.

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Resanow, Jakin, his gold-fields, 214.

"Rescue," wreck of the, 440.

Reykjahlid, boiling mud-caldrons of, 70.

Reykjavik, mean annual temperature of, 78.

the present capital of Iceland, 91.

account of, 99, 100.

the annual fair of, 100.

salary of the bishop of, 106.

schools and library of, 108, 109.

the Icelandic Literary Society, 110.

Rhinoceros remains found on the coast of North-
ern Siberia, '203.

Richardson, Dr. (afterwards Sir John), his Arc.ic
land voyages, 346, 349.

dreadful sufferings of the party, 346, 347.
his search for Sir John Franklin, 356.
Rivers discharging their waters into the Polar
ocean, 17.

of Iceland, 78.

Rocky Mountains, the wild sheep of the, 41.

Ranunculus, snow (Ranunculus nivalis), of Nova Roebuck, near Lake Baikal, 40.

Zembla, 153.

Rat, musk-. See Musquash.

Ravens of Iceland, 84.

in Scandinavian mythology, 84, 85.

85.

Rorquals, or fin-whales, habitat and size of the, 60.
their food, 60.

Rosmysslow, his investigations of the shores of
Nova Zembla, 147.

superstitions of the Icelanders respecting the, Ross, Capt. (afterwards Sir John), Arctic voyages

of, 344.

31

Ross, Sir John, his second journey, 351.

his five years in the Arctic Ocean, 351-354.
his return home and honors, 354.
Sir James, his Arctic voyages, 351.
his search for Franklin, 357.

his discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean, 402.
collision between his ships, the "Erebus"
and "Terror," 405, 406.

-, his danger between two icebergs, 406.
Rum, effects of, on an Iceland clergyman, 101.
Rupert's Land, held by the Hudson's Bay Company,
310.

Russia, character of the coniferæ of, 23, 24.

40.

the elk of the woods of the northern parts of,

-, conquest of, by the Tartars under Baaty
Khan, 191.

191.

liberated from the Tartar yoke by Ivan I.,

advances of, in Siberia, 195.

annexes the country of the Amoor, 196.

condition of the natives under the yoke of,
197, 198.

213.

exiles from, to Siberia, 204-206.

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his voyage to Greenland, 385, 386.
Scotia, Nova, discovered and colonized by Green-
landers, 335.

Scurvy in Spitzbergen, 140–142.

-, preservative against, 141.

Lapp mode of preventing the, 166.

Sea, influence of the, on the severity of the Arctic
winter, 27.

value of the skins annually imported by, 212, Sea, Antarctic, compared with the Arctic regions,

life and dwellings in Nishne-Kolymsk, 236.
first treaty of commerce between England
and, 336.

-, Company, patent granted to the, to fish off
Greenland, 138.

Russian Fur Company, account of the, and its trade,
272.

S.

SABINE, Mount, discovery of, 402.

Sable, value of the, to the Cossack conquerors of
Siberia, 195.

importance and beauty of the fur of the, 209.
hunting, 210.

Sabrina Land, discovery of, 401, 402.
Sagamen, or historians, of Iceland, 94.

Sajan Mountains, Castrén's journey over the, 177.
Salmon, Alpine (Salmo alpinus), immense numbers
of, in Nova Zembla, 155.

Salmon, shoals of, in the rivers of the Arctic regions,

19.

abundance of, in Iceland, 87.

of the Sea of Ochotsk, 246, 247.
abundance of, in Kamchatka, 255.
Samoïedes, European, Castrén's journey among the,
170.

their drunkenness, 171.

their impatience of confinement, 171-173.
their barbarism, 179.

391.

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ice-blink, 54.

summer fogs, 54.

clearness of the atmosphere and apparent near-
ness of objects, 55.

phenomena of reflection and refraction of the
atmosphere, 55.

causes which prevent the accumulation of
Polar ice, 55-57.

the animals of the, 40, 43, 44, 59.
Russian discoveries off the Siberian coast, 201
et seq.

Von Middendorff's journey down the Taimur
river to the Polar sea, 221.

Wrangell's nights on the Polar sea, 239.
his observations on the Polar sea, 240.
Matiuschkin's sledge journey, 241.

, voyages of the English and Dutch, 335 et
seq.

their Supreme Being, Num, or Jilibeambaert- Sea-bear of Bering's sea, 62.
je, 179.

199.

their recourse to incantations, 180.

their idols, 180, 181.

their reverence paid to the dead, 181.
their mode of taking an oath, 182.
their personal appearance and habits, 182.
their wealth in reindeer, 183, 184.

their entire number in Europe and Asia, 184.
their traditions of ancient heroes, 184.
confirmed by the Czar in their possessions,

the companions of Von Middendorff on his
journey, 221, 225.

Smund Frode, his Icelandic works, 94.

Sea-eagles of the coast of Norway, 125.
Sea-elephant of the Antarctic Ocean, 398, 399.
Sea-gulls of the coast of Norway, 124, 125.
Sea-lion of Bering sea, 62.

of the Pribilow Islands, 271.
Seal-fishing at Spitzbergen, 142.
of Nova Zembla, 155.

hunts of the Esquimaux, 295, 296.

catching at Newfoundland, 381.

hunting on the coasts of Greenland, 384, 446.

Seals, the, of the Polar seas, 62.

their uses to man, 62, 446.

the Antarctic, 399, 400.
their igloos, 449.

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