OT (séîrîm: dayóvia: pilosi). We find their saltatory powers alluded to in Virgil, Ecl. v. 73, and in Horace, 'Ars Poetica,' v. 232, 233, though it is certainly difficult to see how they could have "tripped it on the light fantastic toe" or even walked with feet like those of a goat. The "great god Pan" in Mrs. Browning's beautiful poem is thus represented. The probability is that a cynocephalus was intended, or a large quadrumanous baboon like a gorilla. An animal of this kind is figured in Smith's 'Dictionary of the Bible,' vol. iii. p. 1140. Probability points to a Cambridge origin of the epigram. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. YOUTHFUL M.P.s.-One of the qualifications for a member of Parliament nowadays is to be of full legal age, but it was not always so. Edmund Waller, the poet, obtained a seat in the House of Commons when he was only sixteen years of age (see his life by Percival Stockdale, prefixed to his works, 1772). Then again : "Sir Thomas Wallingham the IV. represented the city of Rochester in at least three Parliaments, and Kent County, with Sir Peter Manwood, in 1614; whilst his son, then only fourteen years of age and knighted, represented Poole in the same Parliament. He and his son, Sir Thomas the V., were both living at Chislehurst in 1622-33, and in separate houses, for they were both assessed for a subsidy in 1622, the father in a sum of 20/. and the son in the sum of 51."-Webb, 'History of Chislehurst,' p. 142. New Cross, S. E. AYEAHR. "ALL FOURS," A KENTISH GAME.-As the "Victoria County Histories" are to contain an account of the natural products of al counties, I submit the following extract from Richard Seymour's Compleat Gamester' (fifth edition, 1734, part ii. p. 10) to the editar of the Kentish volumes : "All Fours. This Game is very much played i Kent, from which County it derives its Original, and tho' it be but a Vulgar Game, great Sums have been lost at it." Q..T. ADJECTIVAL CHANGE.-My impression is that people used to speak and to write of a large-sized bowl, a three-volumed novel, a double-barrelled gun, and so forth. At present we have a large-size bowl, a threevolume novel, a double-barrel gun. I say nothing in favour or disfavour of either one form or the other. I merely note what seems to me to be a change. Queries. ST. SWITHIN. I sometimes think may have passed through Shakespeare's hands, for in the right-hand corner of folio 222, recto, is written "Shak," with the remains of a tailed letter, the corner having suffered from wear and tear; and the letters "G. S."-which might possibly stand for Gulielmus Shakespeare - are impressed on the leather binding. The following quat rains are written at the foot of two of the pages in the old court-hand style : TWO OLD QUATRAINS. I have in my possession a very imperfect copy-lacking title-page-of the first edition of The Diall "OUTRIDER."-I find no mention in diction-of Princes' (1557), which in weak moments aries of the use of this word for a commercial traveller or rather for such a traveller who drove a horse and gig-such a "bagman" as we find in chap. xiv. of 'Pickwick.' I well remember, when every one was talking of the Rugeley poisoning cases in 1855, hearing one of the supposed victims, who is referred to in 'The Life and Career of Wm. Palmer' as a "sporting bagman," spoken of as an "outrider," and I have heard the same word similarly used at other times by old-fashioned folks. I believe it originated with the advent of railways, and was used to distinguish a traveller who drove round in a gig for orders from one who used the new iron roads. W. B. H. "MACHINE"=PUBLIC COACH. You note (ante, p. 336) that machine has been used by Southey and Thackeray for a public coach. An earlier use is that of John Wesley, who recorded in his diary, under date 15 August, 1763, "I went in the one day machine to Bath" (Wesley's 'Journals,' vol. iii. p. 135). "Dull earthly drosse where in consistes thy pryde, thy state and greatest glory goes to grounde, the bed of wormes where in thou shalt abide, willbee corrupted and thou filthy founde." "I bost not of my Exelence, my faultes are Publike knowne: I seeke not for preheminence, my skill it is my owne." Have any of your readers met with these quatrains elsewhere? ALFRED E. THISELTON. 28, Millman Street, Bedford Row, W.C. JOHN VOYEZ.-There is a Staffordshire saying that "the county potters could never make a good pot until the Frenchman birth. John Main came to Maine between taught them how, and got a flogging 1630 and 1640, and with him came one John in the Stone Jug for his wages." The Atwell, who married Main's daughter. They witness to this saying is the mutilated settled at Falmouth and North Yarmouth vase in the Holburne Museum at Bath, of (the present town of York, Maine), having which a photograph may be found in for neighbours Battens, Felts, Carrals, Prebles, Chaffers's Ceramic Gallery.' It bears date and Corbins. Associated with them were the 1769, and is signed "I. Voyez," with Pal- noted colonists Richard Cleaves, a Devonian ; mer's stamp upon the material of the base, Richard Martin, son of a mayor of Plymouth; and is thus witness to the mastership of the and one John Tucker, who named his home designer and the incompetence of the manu- Stogumber, after his birthplace in Somersetfacturer. 1769 is the year in which Voyez shire. Richard Corbin and one of the Atwells was imprisoned for three months in Stone (?) were killed by the Indians, 11 August, 1676. Gaol, after his flogging. The semi-nude John Atwell is perhaps the child aged one figure of a girl (for the making of which year in the Visitation of Devonshire in 1620 during work hours, in the company of a (Harleian Society's Publications, p. 12), and model and a stone jug of London stout, he as such from Kenton and Mamhead." Can obtained wage of whip and imprisonment any one place John Main, his wife Elizabeth, upon Wedgwood's complaint) is utilized or any of his children, as born in Devonin this design. A glance at the "pot which shire? Any information thankfully received failed in the baking" shows its superiority and acknowledged as of great value for a to anything produced in Staffordshire at an contemplated genealogy. earlier date, and also that, in outline at any STUART C. WADE. rate, all Wedgwood's later productions suffer beside it. A very fine bas-relief of Prometheus carved in ivory by Voyez is shown in the same case, and is reproduced upon the sides of this master vase. Other work of even greater interest, and by the same hand, is to be seen at the Holburne. I should be glad of information as to the parentage and career of Voyez, other than the partisan statements of Wedgwood's biographers. Also I should be glad to know where specimens of his skill in ivory, wood, gem-engraving, and goldsmith's work are to be seen outside the Holburne Museum. J. A. GOODCHILD. Bordighera. AUTHOR OF SAYING.-Who was it who said, in speaking of a herald, "The silly man did not know even his own silly business"? I need hardly say that it is not from any sympathy with the sentiment that I ask the question. C. S. H. [Something resembling it is in 'Rob Roy,' where the elder Osbaldistone says to the younger, à propos of poetry, "Why, Frank, you do not even understand the beggarly trade you have chosen," vol. i. p. 21, "Border Edition."] STRAWBERRY LEAVES.-What is the derivation of the strawberry leaves in the coronets of certain ranks of peers? The ordinary books of reference, as well as the Encyclo pædia Britannica,' have been consulted in vain. A. N. ATWELL AND MAIN FAMILIES.-Many early colonists of the present state of Maine were Devonshire men, and some effort is now being made to trace their places of 308, West 33rd Street, New York. CHAPLAINS.-Information requested as to the earliest approximate mention of Speaker's, Lord Mayor's, Court, naval, military, domestic, and institutions' chaplains. (Rev.) H. HAWKINS. 23, Parkhurst Road, Colney Hatch, N. "EVE STOOD AT THE GARDEN GATE."-Who is the author of the following, or in what Eve stood at the Garden gate EPITAPH AT STRATFORD-UPON-AVON. - On a tombstone bearing the date 1700, on the pavement of the parish church at Stratfordupon-Avon, there is an epitaph which reads. thus: Oft spreading trees malignant winds do blast And blustring stormes do rend, root out at last The earths turn'd up the shatterd branches by Thus throu deaths rage things in disorders ly. Have these lines been included in any published collection of epitaphs? Are they a quotation from any printed book which was in vogue at their date? By whom were they composed? The position of "by" is notable, and "disorder" in the plural. E. S. DODGSON. A SURVIVAL OF PAGANISM.-There is a common belief amongst the country folk in Herefordshire that it is unlucky to kill a pig during the waning moon. It must always be done when the moon is waxing. This belief is acted upon with a faithfulness which may be called religious. Mr. Theodore Bent in his book 'The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland' says, referring to a fragment of pottery in the shape of a pig which he had found amidst the ruins of a temple: "It is curious to note that Ælian observes that the Egyptians sacrificed a sow to the moon once a year, and Herodotus says that the only deities to whom the Egyptians were permitted to sacrifice a pig were the moon and Bacchus." I should like to know whether the belief to which I have referred is common in other parts of England. M. CHAPMAN. Hereford. Mr. Trice-Martin sees this query, I hope he will forgive my referring him to another (9th S. vii. 469), which he will doubtless be able to answer at the same time. Q. V. ANNE BILSON.-Can any reader supply the maiden name and parentage of Anne, widow of Thomas Bilson, Bishop of Winchester, 1597-1616, and his administratrix (letter granted 25 June, 1616; see Chester's Westminster Abbey Registers,' Harl. Soc. Pabl vol. x. p. 113)? Her husband, who was Warden of Winchester College 1581-96, was the first warden who married. Upon his relinquishing that post there was a struggle between Queen Elizabeth and the fellows [See 4th S. viii. 505; ix. 24, 297; 9th S. vi. 173, 426, as to the appointment of his successor, and 516; vii. 93.] ACLAND OF CHITTLEHAMPTON.-There is a it is interesting to notice that in his letter to Lord Buckhurst on 18 May, 1596 (* Cal. St. P., Dom., 1595-7,' p. 228), Bilson quaintly alludes to his own marriage when he speaks of George Ryves, one of the candidates for the wardenship, as "the most likely to profit the pedigree of Acland of Chittlehampton in Tuckett's Devonshire Pedigrees,' p. 154, which brings the family down to James I.'s reign. Any information as to the later descendants of this family would be wel-house, being single (as I was for twelve years comed. RALPH SEROCOLD. ENTRIES IN PARISH REGISTER.-I shall be obliged for information as to the following entries in a parish register: under date 1636, "Paid for whitening and painting the Church and the Septem"; and under 1700, "70 Marks or Letters for the poor to wear on the right arm according to the late act of Parliament." L. J. C. EARLIEST EUROPEAN MENTION OF VEDAS.The earliest mention in Europe of the Vedas is said to be in a book called 'De Tribus Impostoribus,' a copy of which does not appear to be in the British Museum. Can any one give an account of this book, and quote the passage referring to the Vedas? W. CROOKE. [Long articles on 'De Tribus Impostoribus,' by the late MR. R. C. CHRISTIE and MR. ELIOT HODGKIN, appeared 7th S. viii. 449.] On "KATHMATH," A PRECIOUS STONE. 18 Dec., 1205, King John acknowledged the receipt, "by the hand of brother Alan, preceptor of the New Temple of London, and brother Roger the almoner," of (inter alia) "Mantellum de samitto vermeillio frettatum cum ante insuto......Baldredum de eodem samitto cum till I grew weary of solitary labour)." It may be added that Bilson had been head master at Winchester 1571-81, a fact which explains the somewhat obscure statement in the biography of him in the 'D.N.B.,' vol. v. P. 43, that "he is also stated by some (adds the Athena') to have been a schoolmaster." H. C. SURNAMES DERIVED FROM FRENCH TOWNS. -What present English surnames are derived from places in Normandy or other parts of France? I believe Neville, Mowbray, Gurney, Gurdon, are some of them. G. HILL [Such must be very numerous. Let us suggest at once D'Aubigné, Beaumont, Bray, Granville, Harcourt, Houlgate, May, Mortimer, Percy, Pyle, Romilly, Sully, Surville, Tancarville, Tracy, Venables, Vernon, &c.] 'LES LAURIERS DE NASSAU,' SMALL FOLIO, 1612.--Some years ago I picked up a copy of this book, and I should be much obliged to any of your correspondents who could tell be scarce, as the only other copy that I have me anything about it. I think that it must discovered is in the British Museum, and not one of the many booksellers whom I have asked has ever heard of it. The book conof battles and sieges. There is an engraved tains 284 pages, and 40 woodcuts, mostly saphiris et kathmathis et perlis cum uno firmaculo kathmathis et aliis lapidibus...... Item unum firmacu-title-page. On the frontispiece there is a lum cum iiijor smaragdis iiij. saphiris et iiij. baleis et j. turkeiso in hardillone."-Rot. Litt. Pat.,' 1835, p. 55, col. 1. I do not find kathmath nor hardillo in either Du Cange or Trice-Martin. Can one of your readers tell me what the words mean? If portrait of Prince Maurice of Nassan, engraved by Ia. Matham, and what I suppose to be his coat of arms is on the opposite page. The letterpress is in French. The book begins with the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the rest of it gives an account ST. CLEMENT DANES. IT seems that I was right in my surmise that H.'s explanation of his remarkable statements as catalogued at p. 186 would prove to be very informing. We are now told that Osgod Clapa, who flourished in the eleventh century, is "the eponymus of Clapham" (Surrey), a place which is mentioned in a famous deed of the ninth century! I suppose that we shall next be told that the same worthy outlaw was responsible for the name of the other Claphams and the various Claptons which we find in different parts of the country. COL. PRIDEAUX says: "What we do know is that the termination -wich or wick is not a native English word, and that the A.-S. wic, a dwelling, from which it is derived, is merely borrowed from the Lat. uicus, a village." Now this is exactly what we do not know, and what I do not for a moment believe; and it is time the old-fashioned idea was exploded. It is utterly impossible that the immense number of English inland names embodying or consisting of wick, week, wich, and wyke, and the large number of Dutch and Belgian wijks and Low German wiks, should be derived from Lat. vicus, which has left such a meagre legacy behind it in France and South Germany (where Roman influence was strongest) compared with the swarms of names derived from villa. One can understand the Germanic races borrowing strata (via), "a paved road," from the Romans, who taught them how to make these improved means of intercommunication; but to borrow a word for "village" is quite a different matter. Expert opinion in Germany and the Low Countries is now largely against the derivation from vicus, the chief exception being Kluge, who evidently has not devoted enough attention to the archæology of the matter and to the lessons taught by place-names. Those specially interested in the question are referred to Joh. Fritz's 'Deutsche Stadtanlagen,' and particularly to a review of this book by R. Henning, published in the Anzeiger f. deutsches Altertum, xxv. (1899), pp. 248-9. Kluge's Latin derivation is here scouted, the reviewer proceeding : Dörfer hatten und benannten, in einer von directen "Wie sollten die Deutschen, die immer ihre römischen Einflüssen und Ueberlieferungen entfernten Gegend zu der Entlehnung gekommen sein? Sollte man dann nicht eher am Rhein und in Oberdeutschland solche Namen erwarten, die hier jedoch völlig fehlen?......So ist das Wort und zweifellos auch die Sache älter, als dass fur diese Anlagen an südliche Einflüsse gedacht werden könnte. Sie gehen in die Zeit der ältesten sächsischen (und nordischen?) Städtegründungen zurück." In short, A.-S. wic and O. Nor., O. Sax., O. Fris., and Low Ger, wík, Du. wijk = O.H.G. wih, are native Germanic, connected with weak," and can have nothing to do with Lat. vicus, which is from a different root. HY. HARRISON. CLOCK AND WATCH FIGURES (9th S. viii. 385).-The use of IIII on clocks and watches is simply a survival. In the old Roman notation both IIII and IV expressed the figure four, as IIX and VIII indicated eight, VIIII and IX nine, XIIV and XIII thirteen, and so on. But while alternative forms gradually fell into disuse, and in all other directions the numerals became standardized as we now know them, the variant form of four was perpetuated upon sundials, and from sundials was transferred to those more accurate time-tellers clocks and watches. Britten, in 'Old Clocks and Watches,' mentions the use of the IIII as remarkable, but appears to have overlooked its transmission from the sundial. On p. 178 of Britten's book is a picture of a clock by Tompion in the Pump-Room, Bath, with the ordinary figure IV inverted in lieu of the four strokes; and in Benson's Time and Time Tellers' (London, Hardwicke, 1875), p. 40, is a picture of an English watch, dated 1593, with the same marking. RICHARD WELford. There is a tradition among watchmakers that the first clock that in any way resembled those now in use was made by Henry Vick in 1370 for Charles V. of France, and that the king, anxious to find some fault with a thing he did not understand, said, "You have got the figures on the dial wrong." Wherein, your Majesty?" said Vick. "That four should be four ones," said the king. "You are wrong, your Majesty," said Vick. "I am never wrong!" thundered the king; "take it away and correct the mistake "; and corrected it was, and from that day to this four o'clock on a clock or watch has been IIII instead of IV. CONSTANCE RUSSELL. Swallowfield. Four o'clock is not "always" expressed by IIII. For example, the clock on the Albert Memorial, in the heart of Hastings, the centre of its chief thoroughfares, has IV. W. S. FLOWER GAME (9th S. vii. 329, 397, 474, 511; viii. 70, 232).-The dandelion chain, as well as chains of daisies, buttercups, &c., is made by Scottish children, without any thought of eneuresis in the minds of the youthful weavers, though they do call the plant "pissabed," or rather "pishbed." If they associate anything with the folk-name, it is a feeling as to the character of the plant itself, and not an apprehension of consequences in their own experience. Stained palms of the hands they readily assume as the outcome of their amusement, just as boys do who gather dandelions for their rabbits; but beyond this there is no anxiety as to results. THOMAS BAYNE, The more one studies the customs and dialects of England and Germany the stronger becomes one's conviction that, happily, much more is left in both countries of the old stock of beliefs, usages, and words than the so-called well-educated modern Englishman and German suspect; and to one who could embrace with one glance the counties and provinces of the two lands, and could perceive their languages, such as they still exist, all at once, the resemblance would appear striking. It is not only the practice of making dandelion chains-a favourite sport also with our country children-that suggests to me this remark, but also the dialectal designation for "ant" mentioned by MR. WELFORD. In my little native country, the Duchy of Anhalt, people west of the Elbe - those of Dessau, Cöthen, for instance-call it Sech-emse (long e=English a in fate, ș in the second word=2); sechen is a very low word for urinate; emse is contracted from émese, your emmet. East of the Elbe, in and about Zerbst, they give it the name of Piss mire, which is exactly the same as that used by Shakespeare, and very likely he pronounced it as we still do. It is to the pungent liquid which ants emit when irritated, and which the common folk take for their urine, that this appellation is due. DR. G. KRUEGER. Berlin. MR. RICHARD WELFORD's note is deeply interesting. I have never heard the word pissemmet applied to an ant in this locality, although I observe that Sternberg gives pissemmott in his glossary. The word emmet is practically unknown here, but pismire (which I see is duly placed in Bailey's 'Dictionary') is in constant use. JOHN T. PAGE. West Haddon, Northamptonshire. Has MR. WELFORD forgotten what Gerard says of the uses of the dandelion ? "Boyled troubles some in making of water." in vinegar, it is good against the paine that C. C. B. SONG WANTED (9th S. viii. 145, 228).-This song is to be found in 'Gaieties and Gravities, by one of the authors of Rejected Addresses, vol. ii. pp. 148-9, where it is called 'Bachelor's Fare,' and is said to have been sung by Bruin the farmer "to the old tune of 'The Hunting of the Hare.'" My edition, the third, is dated 1826. It is most probable that this is the original source of the song-that is, of the words. ERNEST B. SAVAGE, M.A., F.S.A. St. Thomas, Douglas. SARGENT FAMILY (9th S. vii. 329, 432; see viii. 16, 234).-The following information may possibly assist MR. LARPENT. A pedigree in Dallaway and Cartwright's 'Hist. of Sussex, II. i. 275-6, states that William, third son of John Sargent, M.P. for Seaford, &c., by Charlotte, daughter of Richard Bettesworth, married Sophia, daughter of George Arnold, of Halsted Place, Kent, and had children. This William Sargent, who was baptized at Woollavington on 8 Feb, 1787, was a Winchester scholar 1798-1803, and afterwards a "clerk in the treasury" (Kirby). He was identical, I believe, with William Sargent, |