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chimpanzee yellow. Its head is nearly round, and bullet-formed; the nose is very flat; the ears larger than in the gorilla, but smaller than in the kooloo-kamba and chimpanzee; the the eyes sunken; the teeth and canines small when compared with the gorilla's. The arms reach a little below the knee. The hands are long and slender; the foot shorter than the hand. callosities on the back of the fingers show that this animal goes commonly on all-fours, and rests its weight on the doubled-up hands. The hair is of one uniform rusty-black color. The male is larger than the female.

The toes are free. The

I can not tell if this animal would attack man if it were only wounded, but I doubt. Its docility, when young, makes it very strikingly different from the gorilla.

Lastly, we come to the kooloo-kamba. This ape, whose singular cry distinguishes it at once from all its congeners in these wilds, is remarkable, as bearing a closer general resemblance to man than any other ape yet known. It is very rare, and I was able to obtain but one specimen of it. adult male gorilla, and stouter than

This is smaller than the the female gorilla. The

head is its most remarkable point. This struck me at once as

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having an expression curiously like to an Esquimaux or Chinaman. The face is bare and black. The forehead is higher than in any other ape, and the cranial capacity greater by measureThe eyes are wider apart than in any other ape. The nose is flat. The cheek-bones are high and prominent, and the cheeks sunken and "lank." The ridge over the eyes is well marked. The muzzle is less prominent and broader than in the

ment.

EAR OF KOOLO-KAMBA.

409 other apes. The sides of the face are covered with a growth of straight hair, which, meeting under the chin like the human whiskers, gives the face a remarkably human look. The arms reach below the knee. The hair on the arms meets at the elbow, growing upward on the fore-arm and downward on the arm. The body is hairy. The shoulders are broad; the hands long and narrow, showing it to be a tree-climber. The arms and hands are very muscular. The abdomen is very prominent, as it is in the gorilla. The ears are very large, and are more nearly like the human ear than those of any other ape. The subjoined

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cut is from a drawing made with great care from my specimen, and shows this singular ear very correctly.

The gorilla has been mentioned by different travelers under the following names: pongo, by Battel, 1629; ingena, Bowditch, 1819; enge-ena, Savage, 1847; enge-ena or inge-ena, Gauler Labaily, 1849; ngena, Ford, 1852; ngina or gina, Admiral Renaud, 1852; d'jina, Auly Lecompte, 1854-57. Except "pongo," all these names are various spellings of the Mpongwe name for the gorilla, which is ngena, as given by the Rev. Dr. J. L. Wilson in his "Western Africa." In the Mpongwe language, as in some of the South African tongues, most of the words have the prefix of either n or m.

The chimpanzee, which I suppose Hanno to have called gorilla, and Pliny gorgone, is called engeco by Battel, 1625; pygmie, by Tyson, in his Anatomy of a Pygmie, 1699; chimpanzee, by Gravelet, 1738; enjoko, jocko, or petit ourang-outang, by Buffon, 1766; pongo, by Buffon, in 1786; inchego, by Bowditch, 1819; enche-eco, by Savage, in 1847; ntchego, by Trauguet, in 1852; nchego, by Aubrey Lecomte, 1854-7; most of which are variations, again, of the

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Camma name, which, according to our English mode of spelling, should be, as I have given it, "nshiego. The nshiego is the negro name for the true chimpanzee; and the new species, which I first discovered, and to which the name Troglodytes calvus has been given, they call the nshiego mbouvé, or bald-headed nshiego. The Troglodytes kooloo-kamba they know as the kooloo-kamba, or simply as the koola.

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On the bony Structure of the Gorilla and other African Apes.

WE come now to consider the anatomy of the great African apes; and I propose to speak more especially of those points of structure wherein these animals most nearly resemble man. I should state here that naturalists have not, thus far, been able to agree on this question. Some have given to the gorilla the honor of approximating nearest to man in structure, while others reserve this for the chimpanzee. Dr. Jeffries Wyman, the accomplished and distinguished comparative anatomist of Harvard University, was the first to give a scientific account of the cranium and of a part of the skeleton of the gorilla in 1847. To him belongs the honor of having first brought to the knowledge of the scientific world this wonderful animal. In 1849, Dr. Wyman gave another description of two additional crania of the gorilla. In these memoirs he classified this animal in the genus Troglodytes.

In 1848, Professor Richard Owen, the learned curator of the British Museum, published an account of the gorilla in the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, and in this he agreed with Dr. Jeffries Wyman, and retained the gorilla in the genus Troglodytes. Since 1848, that illustrious zootomist has written several memoirs, giving extended definitions of the anatomical structure of the gorilla.

Professor Duvernay and Professor Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, of Paris, have written long memoirs on the comparative anatomy of this wonderful animal; and both, after very able scientific description, consider the differences in the osteology, dentition, and outward character of the gorilla to be of sufficient generic importance to create the genus gorilla. They give the trivial name of ngina to the animal.

Professors Duvernay, St. Hilaire, and Dr. Jeffries Wyman agree in putting the gorilla below the chimpanzee in its anthropoid character, while Professor Owen is of opinion that the gorilla is

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ANTHROPOID CHARACTERISTICS OF T. GORILLA.

nearer akin to man than the T. niger or chimpanzee, and does not think that the anatomical peculiarities of the animal are sufficient to make a new genus. On this last point he agrees with Dr. Wyman.

The most important anthropoid characters of the gorilla, which are referred to by Professor Owen in his first memoir, are the following:

"1st. The coalesced central margins of the nasals are projected forward, thus offering a feature of approximation to the human structure, which is very faintly indicated, if at all, in the T. niger [or chimpanzee].

"2d. The inferior or alveolar part of the premaxillaries, on the other hand, is shorter and less prominent in the T. gorilla than in the T. niger; and in that respect the larger species deviate less from man.

"3d. The next character, which is also a more anthropoid one, though explicable in relation to the greater weight of the skull to be poised on the atlas, is the greater prominence of the mastoid processes in the T. gorilla, which are only represented by a rough ridge in the T. niger.

"4th. The ridge which extends from the ecto-pterygoid along the inner border of the foramen ovale terminates in the T. gorilla by an angle or process answering to that called 'styliform' or spinous in man, but of which there is no trace in the T. niger.

"5th. The palate is narrower in proportion to the length in the T. gorilla, but the premaxillary portion is relatively longer in the T. niger."*

In 1849, Dr. Wyman, in referring to the above memoir of Prof. Owen, says, in refutation, and claiming for the chimpanzee a nearer affinity to man: "If, on the other hand, we enumerate those conditions in which the enge-ena [gorilla] recedes farther from the human type than the chimpanzee, they will be found by far more numerous, and by no means less important.

"The larger ridge over the eyes, and the crest on the top of the head and occiput, with the corresponding development of the temporal muscles, form the most striking features. The submaxillary bones articulating with the nasals, as in the other quadru mana and most brutes; the expanded portion of the nasals between the frontals, or an additional osseous element of this prove *Op. cit., vol. iii., Transactions of the Zoological Society, 1848.

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