side project wings terminating in stone piers forming two seats. At the backs of these seats are bronze panels-the one depicting the great hydraulic crane and shear-legs lifting a 12-inch gun on board a man-of-war at Elswick; the other, a view of the hydraulic swing-bridge with a ship about to pass through. The high-level bridge is seen in the background. The statue is 9 ft. 6 in. high, and the pedestal 12 ft. On the front is inscribed

Armstrong

1810-1900.

On a wall in Pleasant Row, belonging to the N.E. Railway, is a marble tablet recording that here stood the house in which Lord Armstrong was born in 1810.

On the wall of the Banqueting Hall, Jesmond Dene, a tablet was placed on 17 August, 1904, inscribed as follows:

The Armstrong Park and this Banqueting Hall, presented to the people of Newcastle-onTyne for their use for ever by Sir William George Armstrong, C.B. (afterwards Lord Armstrong), were opened by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, 20th August, 1884. Henry W. Newton, Mayor and Chairman of

the Parks Committee. Thomas Nelson, Sheriff. Hill Motum, Town Clerk.

Newcastle oat of arms.

The tablet, designed by R. Appleby Miller, is of bronze, in low relief. The central panel contains the inscription in raised letters, and above it is a medallion of Lord Armstrong. On each side are pilasters containing recessed panels with figures: that on the right "Genius," seated, with tablet on knee and compass in hand, and in the background a man-of-war, an Armstrong gun, &c.; that on the left "Philanthropy,' supporting with her right hand a model of the Banqueting Hall, and resting her left upon a survey plan of Jesmond Dene and the Armstrong Park.

There is also an Armstrong memorial at Rothbury, unveiled in August, 1902.

Bolton. In 1862 a bronze statue, the work of the late W. Calder Marshall, R.A., was erected in memory of Samuel Crompton, inventor of the spinning machine. Crompton was a native of Bolton, and lived there all his days. The statue is 7 ft., and the pedestal 11 ft. high. On the front of the latter is the word "Crompton," and on

the back

Erected by public subscription
J. R. Wolfenden Esq.
Mayor, 1862.

Truro. At the top of Lemon Street, in the parish of Kenwyn, is a fluted Doric column

erected in 1836 by public subscription in memory of Richard Lander, the discoverer of the course of the Niger. It is surmounted by a gigantic statue of Lander, the work of the Cornish sculptor N. N. Burnard. The only inscription is the word “ Lander." The column is granite, and has been twice built, for in May, 1836, just as it was nearing completion, it fell to the ground "with a pcrtentous crash that shock all Lemon Street." This catastrophe drew from Sir Richard Polwhele, the aged Cornish historian, who resided in the locality, the following effusion :Hark,-hark! from yon column it came! 'Tis That is heard on the Niger-the Landers' own shore,

the roar

:

And the growl and the blood-thrilling yell!
Yon column, with ominous bodings terrific,

Re-echoes the sound from the deserts of Afric!
Lo, it totters!-That moment it fell.

un

Richard Lander has been rather fortunate with respect to his memorials. A monument placed by his widow and daughter to his memory in the Chapel Royal, Savoy, was destroyed in the fire of 7 July, 1864. It has been replaced by a stained-glass window bearing the following inscription :

"In memory of Richard Lemon Lander, the discoverer of the course of the Niger, and the first Gold Medallist of the Royal Geographical Society. He was born at Truro in 1804, and died in the Island of Fernando Po in 1834, from wounds inflicted by the natives. This window is inserted, by her Majesty's permission, by some of his relations and friends, and by some of the Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society."

Monmouth.-On 19 Oct., 1911, Lord Raglan unveiled a statue of the Hon. C. S. Rolls, the famous airman. It stands in a conspicuous position in Agincourt Square, and is the work of Mr. Goscombe John, R.A. Rolls is represented, in the costume in which he crossed the Channel, examining the model of an aeroplane, which he holds in his hands. On the pedestal are three bronze panels representing motoring, ballooning, and aviation, and the following inscrip

tion:

"Erected by public subscription to the memory of the Honourable Charles Stewart Rolls, third son of Lord and Lady Llangattock, as a tribute motoring, ballooning, and aviation. He was a of admiration for his great achievements in pioneer in both scientific and practical motoring and aviation, and the first to fly across the Channel from England to France and back without landing. He lost his life by the wrecking of his aeroplane at Bournemouth, July 12th, 1910. His death caused worldwide regret and deep national sorrow."

On the plinth in front is inscribed :—
Charles Stewart Rolls, M.A., F.R.G.S.,
A.M.I.Mech. E.

Born Aug. 27th, 1877. Died July 12th, 1910.
I take this opportunity of gratefully
acknowledging kind help rendered by MR,
W. P. COURTNEY, MR. WALTER HAYLER,
MR. T. CHAMBERLIN CHAMBERLIN, MRS.
SAMPSON, and others.

Information is desired respecting the following memorials: Dr. Dalton, Manchester; Sir J. Paget, Yarmouth; Capt. Manby, Gorleston; Dr. Thompson, Forres; Mungo Park, Selkirk; Prof. Playfair, Sir J. Simpson, Sir D. Brewster, and Dr. Livingstone, Edinburgh; Hugh Miller, Cromarty; Dr. Pierce, Denbigh. JOHN T. PAGE.

Long Itchington, Warwickshire.

FIFTEENTH-CENTURY LAND MEASURES AT SALISBURY.-Mr. A. R. Malden, F.S.A., the Diocesan Registrar, has copied from the Liber Niger' of Bishop Beauchamp of Salisbury (1455) the following land measure, which is interesting both from its date and the regulations which follow it. I thought it might also interest readers of N. & Q.' Folio 11 b.

Mensura terre arrabilis secundum standard Anglie Longitudo trium granorum ordei in medio spice facit unam policem, et xij polices faciunt unum pedem, et tres pedes faciunt vlnam qua homo mensurat pannum, et quinque vlne et dimidium [interlined afterwards: cum dimidio pedis] faciunt vnam virgam [interlined: vocatam a perche] de qua homo metit terram et sciendum est quod xlta virge in longitudine et iiij in

latitudine faciunt unam acram terre.

Then follow several other measurements of length and breadth of pieces of land which make an acre, from x by xvi to iiij by xl.

Ass(isa) terre arrabilis vbi campus dividitur in tres partes. Et sciendum est quod vna caruca terre potest continere ixxx acras terre quarum. lx erunt seminate cum semine yemali & lx cum semine vernali 3 lx erunt verectate 3 vna caruca potest eas arare, quia sunt in anno lij septimane de quibus vij vel viij sunt festiue ab operibus 3 per perturbacionem temporis 3 tempestatis. Et debilis erit caruca que non potest ire vno die arans sex leucas vie 3 cum circumiuerit septuaginta duabus vicibus circa vnam acram terre et vnum quodque remum sit vnius pedis in latitudine, tunc perarauerit vnam acram et iuerit sex leucas si sit iiij virge in latitudine 3 xlta virge in longitudine 3 homo potest stercorare vnam acram in vna nocte cum mille ouibus quia x** plice possunt circumuenire vnam acram 3 quelibet plica erit de octo pedibus 3 dimidio in longitudine 3 quelibet plica potest retinere quinque oues 3c. EDMUND R. NEVILL, F.S.A.

Salisbury.

"KNICKERBOCKER."-The 'New English Dictionary,' while explaining that Knickerbocker is "the name of the pretended author of Washington Irving's History of New York,' says nothing as to the meaning of the word itself, an omission all the more striking as, in the very same column, appears the derivation of knicker (a boy's marble), which is the key-note to the aforesaid Knickerbocker.

As a matter of fact, Knickerbocker is but a slight variant of Knickerbacker, a family name which may be seen in the New York City records for a full half-century before the publication of Irving's History,' and in those of New York State as far back as 13 October, 1709, when Johannes Knickerbacker, a miller in Albany, leased 30 morgen (some 62 acres) of land recently purchased by the City of Albany from the Schaghticoke Indians; and the name must have been pretty well known even then on the banks of the Hudson, for Johannes was the oldest of seven children, of whom Herman Jansen Knickerbacker was the proud father.

our

When Herman, who is looked upon as the first American Knickerbacker, came to this country is not known; but, be that as it may, his patronymic, like that of Taylors, Carpenters, Weavers, Millers, &c., was originally nothing more than the tradename Knikker-bakker," a marble-baker. The Dutch cnikken and knikken, the Mod. H.G. knicken, and the Eng. dial. to knick, all convey the idea of cracking; and what English schoolboy would fail to recognize his own nicker in the Dutch knikker or the German knicker, or to appreDutch children's knikker-tijd and his own ciate the close relationship between the marble-season or marble-tide?

Bakker needs no comment; and should an example of its compounding with another word be desired, it could readily be found in steenbakker, brick-burner; tichelbakker, tile-baker, &c. A. ESTOCLET. Philadelphia.

66

6

A POSTSCRIPT TO NOTE ON OLD LONDON NOMENCLATURE. (See 11 S. v. 247.)In Riley's Remembrancia of the City of London I find a reference (p. xvi) to Puddynglane" in 1427 (Letter-Book I, 288); and in the Introduction, p. xxix, a mention of Henry Pudding and Floria his wife, as occurring in Letter-Book C, 46. In the Rolls of Gaol with foot-note: Delivery for London, 25 Ed. I. (1297), John Pudding, a cutpurse, is sentenced to be hanged."

"WALA" IN WIDSITH,' L. 14.-The form wala occurs twice in Widsith,' but with widely different meanings. In 1. 14 it is a proper name in the nom. sing.; in l. 78 it is found in composition, and is there a common noun in the gen. pl.

In West Saxon a foreigner was wealh. This ea is the regular W.S. breaking of before lh. In oblique cases the aspirate is dropped, and the breaking ea becomes the long diphthong ea. Hence the W.S. nom. wealh makes nom. pl. wēalas, gen. pl. wēala.

The Anglian dialect did not break ǎ before lh; it preferred nom. walh, and this makes its nom. pl. wālas, gen. pl. wāla. The latter, the Anglian form, is the one before us in Widsith,' l. 78, where wala-rices means extraneorum regni." From the Anglian form wala(-rice) the Anglo-Norman Latin form Wallia is derived, and this, with the customary northern French addition of 8, is our "Wales" (contrast "[Cornwall)."

The proper name Wala postulates Gothic *Váili. This was latinized Vallia in the fifth century, and is reproduced by Gibbon and other historians as Wallia.

Vallia was a Wisigothic king, and of the race of Balthi (or Bæld-æg), no doubt, like Alaric and others. Gibbon was much impressed by his renown, and the narrative of his glorious career and splendid achievements is conveyed in some of the finest writing in chap. xxxi. of the Decline and Fall.' The sudden death of Alaric had left the Goths without a policy fitted to their racial characteristics, and legally without a country. In the strenuous course of three campaigns, in 417 and 418, Vallia reduced the Vandals, decimated the Alani, drove the Suevi into the mountains of Galicia, exterminated the Silingi, and conquered Spain. At the conclusion of this victorious war the Wisigothic king restored the Peninsula to the Roman emperor, and received in return, by treaty, the gift of the Second Aquitaine, "The Pearl of Gaul," and other dioceses in the south-west, including the populous and magnificent cities of Bordeaux and Toulouse.

Now Widsith composed his poem not long after the death of Gunthihari, it would

para was Wala | hwile selast,

ond [buton] Alexandre | ealra ricost
monna cynnes ; ond he mæst gepah

para þe ic ofer foldan | gefrægen hæbbe. cellent for a while, and the mightiest of all the "Of these [princes] Wala was the most exrace of men but Alexander; and he prospered most of those that I have heard tell of on earth." ALFRED ANSCOMBE.