accounted for about 2 percent; and the remaining 3 percent included safety, industrial, valuation, chemical, petroleum, and mining engineers, as well as those engineers not identified as to specialty. (See chart.)

About 9 out of every 10 of the 26,082 civil engineers were employed in highway and public works departments, where most of them were planning, designing, or supervising the construction of new roads. Others were concerned with the maintenance of roads or with public works projects, such as the design and construction of public buildings. Nearly 4 percent of the civil engineers were employed as sanitation specialists in health and welfare departments. The remainder were about equally divided between agriculture and conservation agencies and a group of miscellaneous agencies. This latter group included economic development agencies which employed civil engineers as city planners.

Nearly half of the electrical and mechanical engineers (together numbering 1,143) were in highway and public works agencies. Substantial numbers of electrical engineers were employed in State public utility or public service departments. Among the 947 engineers others than civil, electrical, and mechanical were safety and industrial engineers in State labor departments, valuation engineers in revenue departments, and chemical and mining engineers in conservation and related agencies.

More than half (56 percent) of all engineers were engaged in performing functions related to the operations and services of their agencies; planning and inspection each accounted for the activities of about one-fifth. Only a little more than 1 percent of the engineers were engaged in research. This contrasts sharply with the engineers employed by industrial concerns in 1959, where more than one-third were engaged in research and development or the administration of such work."

Education and Licensing of Engineers. Many State-employed engineers evidently qualified for their positions through experience, without completing their formal education. The survey data indicated that only 59 percent of them held a

• See Scientific and Technical Personnel in American Industry: Report on a 1959 Survey (National Science Foundation Bull. 60-62, 1960). Available from Superintendent of Documents, Washington; price, 45 cents. • Ibid.

bachelor's or higher degree in any subject field. This is a considerably lower proportion of college graduates than occurs among engineers employed in private industry-78 percent in 1959. In highway and public works departments, where civil engineers account for most of the engineers employed, only 56 percent had college degrees. On the other hand, in health and welfare agencies, more than 88 percent were college graduates.

Although every State has a licensing or registration board, licenses are not required for most engineering positions. Only 45 percent were licensed or registered as professional engineers. Life Scientists

Biological Scientists. The largest group among the scientists reported in the survey was composed of biological scientists. The group included pathologists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, bacteriologists, toxicologists, botanists, zoologists, entomologists, and others; but information was not obtained on the numbers in different occupational specialties. Well over half of the 3,700 biological scientists were working for agriculture and conservation agencies, mainly in positions related to the operation of fish hatcheries or the study of marine life or wild game. Most of the remainder were employed in health department laboratories established for carrying out testing or research programs. Altogether, more than one-fourth of all the biological scientists were engaged in research.

Agricultural Scientists. State Governments employed nearly 3,500 agricultural scientists in 1959. These scientists, who were primarily engaged in studying and improving agricultural productivity, included those working in agronomy, animal husbandry, forestry, horticulture, range

Chemists. More than half of all physical scientists employed by State Government agencies were chemists. The great majority of the 1,194 chemists were employed in State laboratories under the jurisdiction of either health or agriculture departments, where they were concerned with the enforcement of food, drug, and cosmetics laws or the inspection and testing of fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides. In highway and public works departments, chemists tested soils and materials used in road and other construction. About 32 percent of all chemists were in testing and inspection activities, and 17 percent were engaged in research.

with the care and treatment of the mentally ill and retarded. Some were engaged in rehabilitation programs for criminals and alcoholics. A substantial number conducted research dealing with drug therapy, conditioned reflexes, the nervous system, and the effects of stimulants.

Technicians

Technicians a group generally classified occupationally between the levels of scientists and engineers and of skilled craftsmen-are becoming increasingly important in government employment, as well as in private industry. Most of the 47,000 State-employed technicians acted as assistants to scientists or engineers. Overall, there were 115 of these auxiliary workers in State agencies for every 100 scientists and engineers— a much higher ratio than in private industry, where only 72 technicians were employed for every 100 scientists and engineers in 1959. However, only in highway and public works agencies did State-employed technicians exceed the number of scientific and engineering personnel.

The technicians employed in State agencies can be divided into two broad groups. One includes 7,132 draftsmen, 9,325 surveyors, and 23,781 engineering and physical science technicians, almost all (97 percent) of whom worked in highway and public works departments. The other group includes 6,236 medical, agricultural, and biological technicians, 60 percent of whom worked in health and welfare agencies and 38 percent in agriculture and conservation agencies.

Only about 800 technicians (2 percent of the total) were employed primarily in research. In relation to scientists and engineers engaged primarily in research, the ratio is about 1 technician to 3 professional workers. The proportion of technicians performing research was highest (8 percent) in health agencies. Research was the only function for which data were requested for technicians in the survey.

JAMES J. KILGALLON

Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics

UMWA Welfare and Retirement Fund Report'

GENERAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS and competition from other fuels combined to reduce the income of the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund to the lowest levels since the present fund's establishment in 1950. At the same time, the number of benefit payments increased. (In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1960, pension benefits were authorized for 4,660 minersalmost a thousand more than were granted the previous year.)

Total income for fiscal 1961 was $116,692,800. Royalty receipts contributed $114,492,500 of this amount, the remainder coming from returns on securities. This is 10 percent less than the previous year's receipts and 26 percent less than the amount received during fiscal 1957.

Expenditures for the period ending June 30, 1961, totaled $133,132,200. Payments of $128,699,700 (96.7 percent of all expenditures) aided 201,051 beneficiaries, some beneficiaries receiving more than one benefit. All administrative costs of the Trust Fund were 3.3 percent of total expenditures. This includes the cost of the Washington headquarters and its 10 Area Medical Offices.

Benefit expenditures during the past 5 years were as shown in the accompanying table.

As of June 30, 1961, the unexpended balance of the Trust Fund was $99,832,100. Despite imposition of stricter eligibility requirements for hospital and medical care benefits, expenditures exceeded income by a wide margin in the 2 previous years. Concerned by this imbalance, the trustees, in December 1960, reduced the monthly pension payment from $100 to $75, beginning with payment for February.

= In explanation, the trustees stated: "To permit the continuation of a situation wherein the Trust - Fund pays out more in benefits than it receives in income would inevitably lead to more drastic reduction in benefits and seriously impair the ability of the fund to provide those benefits in

1 Information from United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund: Report for the Year Ending June 30, 1961, Washington, 1961. See also the following articles in the Monthly Labor Review: "Resumption of Benefits Under UMWA Welfare Fund," December 1950 (pp. 706-709); "Four Years of Operation Under the UMWA Welfare and Retirement Fund," January 1952 (pp. 37-38); and “Operations Under the UMWA Welfare and Retirement Fund," November 1954 (pp. 1232-1234).