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of stock-fish, dried herrings, and anchovies, the mystery of which is less intelligible to us. Eggs were delivered by the thousand; a hundred pounds of fresh butter were appointed for the frying, and a goat's skin full of oil for those who might prefer a higher flavour. The fruits and other viands, and the wines, were furnished in as full proportion as on those which a Scot might call the lawful days. In other respects the festivities and public shows did not much differ from those which, eight years before, had served to regale the English Embassy.

(33.) Meantime the expulsion of the Moriscoes had been in progress, a measure by which Spain was at once deprived of 600,000 of its inhabitants. The prime minister was not the instigator of this measure ; he was probably averse to it. The most prominent adviser was Juan de Ribera, Archbishop of Valencia, who went also by the title of Patriarch of Antioch. He had stood high in the favour of Philip II., had held the See of Valencia for more than forty years, and was now an aged man beyond threescore and ten, when he came forward to press for their expulsion. A little time before, he had published a long letter to Philip III., throwing all the difficulties he could in the way of the peace with the heretics of Great Britain, for whom he had not much more kindness than for the Moors. Thirty years earlier, in 1581, he had attended by the dying bed of the famous Valencian * Davila, 98-106.

saint, Lewis Beltran, a model of holiness on the Dominican system, as stern to his disciples as he was severe to himself.* In short he was a man of the stamp of Queen Elizabeth's old enemy Pius V.; and, like him, was regarded by his own devout admirers as a claimant for canonization, an honour at length conceded to his memory by Pius VI. in 1797. But otherwise he was a prelate of blameless life and selfdenying habits, a frequent preacher, a liberal almsgiver, and the founder of a sumptuous college, which preserves his name in the city of Valencia. In this work, which occupied him eighteen years, from 1586 to 1604, he not only expended his wealth, but exhibited such tokens of a cultivated taste, as befitted the pupil of Melchior Cano and Domingo Soto, who had been his tutors at Salamanca. His architect was Anton del Rey, a disciple of Juan de Herrera: his painter was the Valencian chief of painters, Francisco Ribalta, who is supposed by good judges to be the probable author of the well-known altar-piece at Magdalen College, Oxford. When such a man came forward to advocate the measures of extermination, his grave character added weight to his rigorous counsels; and, seconded as they were by the popular zeal, the government was unable to resist them, however the nobles

* Amat, Hist. Eccl. xv. i. 21.

Ponz, Viage de España, iii. 237-254.

A full account of

the "Colegio del Patriarca" is also given in Ford's Hand-Book

of Spain, 196-198.

and landowners of the southern provinces remonstrated, and foresaw the immediate loss which would fall upon themselves. But the Archbishop is said to have waited to hear of the last Morisco's deportation, as if the event were to him like the fulfilment of the prayer of old Simeon; and, having this comfort, he died, with words like Simeon's on his lips, on the 7th day of January 1611, when he had numbered nearly seventy-eight years.*

(34) The opinion which the Spaniards in the following century passed on this expulsion may be taken as expressed by Michael Gandara, a statesman of the age of Charles III.+ "The Duke of Lerma," he says, "only thought by halves. He desired a firm peace for Spain; but he did not see that the way to secure it was to be well prepared for war. He conceived the plan of dislodging the Moriscoes; but unfortunately he could not at the same time conceive the plan of filling up the void advantageously with Irishmen, Flemings, and other people of Catholic nations, who, persecuted as they then were by the heresies of Luther and Calvin exalted to the throne, desired a portion of possession in Spain, and would have come to be naturalized there with all the pleasure in the world. This was the great evil, and the great mistake,

*Davila, Felipe III. 158.

El Bien y el Mal de España, sec. 44. A MS. in the possession of the present writer, written in 1759.

Original, "con mil amores."

that he expelled, but did not introduce. It is true that laws were made permitting the immigration of strangers; but no sufficient steps were taken to induce them to come. And a law put into a statute-book, without further steps to enforce it, is like a body without a soul, a mute without a voice."

Gandara attributes the measure too much to the Duke of Lerma, as if he had conceived the plan. The Duke, as well as his uncle, the Cardinal Archbishop, a wise and moderate man, who took the office of Chief Inquisitor unwillingly after twice declining it, and infused something of equity into the proceedings of the Inquisition,* were overborne by the bigotry of Ribera and the popular clamour.+

(35.) Experience has shewn us, by more than one recent example in the East, that it is hardly to be hoped for, that Christians and Mahommedans should live peaceably intermingled together. The expulsion of the Jews from England in Edward I.'s time, and from Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella, when, according to Abarbanel, 300,000 were exiled,‡ were acts less capable of any political justification. There can be no doubt that there was continual danger from the Moriscoes to the internal peace of the realm; and they

* Llorente, cap. xxxvii. 2. 51.

+ "Flagitante et urgente Joanne a Ribera, Archiep. Valentino," were the words engraved on a monument in Valencia. Davila, Grandezas de Madrid, 1623, p. 95. See also the last Book of Bleda's famous Chronicle, passim.

See Nic. Antonio, Bibl. Script. iii. 824.

were often in secret correspondence with their piratical kinsmen in Barbary.

It has indeed been said, and the late able historian of Philip II. has repeated the statement,* that, in losing the Moriscoes, the country lost the most ingenious and industrious portion of its inhabitants, and this was one of the principal causes of the subsequent decline of the monarchy. This opinion requires some abatements. It is remarkable that in earlier times, in the days of the Cid or of Alfonso the Wise, and even later, though wars between Moors and Christians were frequent, their mutual intercourse at peaceful intervals was well sustained; they lived in good neighbourhood together, and were mutually protected by Moorish or Christian sovereign. This is clear from the terms of many old Spanish Codes and Charters; and the evidence survives in the language, which during this period received so many augmentations of words learnt from the Moors. And the character of these words, the names of magistrates, offices, taxes, and customs, terms of art and science, chemistry and astronomy, marks the superior civilization of the Moors of that period, by which the old Spaniards were not unwilling to profit. What was it that put an end to this mutual toleration? Was it nothing

* Prescott, Philip II., B. v. c. viii.

See Dr. W. H. Engelmann's pleasing learned Essay; "Glossaire des Mots Espagnols derivés de l'Arabe." Leyden, 1861.

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