Dr. Will has published a collection of all the documents relating to the controversies of the Greek and Latin Churches in the eleventh century. (Nota et Scripta quæ de controversiis Ecclesiæ Græcæ et Latina seculo undecimo composita extant. Marburg, 1861.) All the documents (nineteen in number) had appeared in print before, with one exception, but they were scattered in different and partly rare works, and for theological scholars it is therefore a great convenience to have them now collected in one form. In an Introduction, (Prolegomena,) extending over forty-eight pages, Mr. Will gives a historical survey of the controversies of the two Churches from the second century until 1054.

Of the collective work, Lives and Select Writings of the Fathers and Founders of the Reformed Church, vol. vi and vol. ix, part ii, have been published. The sixth volume contains the Life and the Select Writings of Beza, by Professor Heppe; and the second part of vol. ix the Lives of Joachim Vadian and Ambrose Blaurer, by Dr. Pressel, in Tübingen, and of Bertold Haller, by Pestalozzi. The entire collection will soon be concluded by the appearance of the second volume of the Life of Calvin, by Stähelin.

Among the exegetical publications of the last three months we notice the first volume of a new Commentary of Ewald on the Gospels and Epistles of John, (Johanneische Schriften, vol. i. Göttingen, 1861;) the last (fourth) volume of the Commentary of Hupeld to the Psalms; a new work on the Tabernacle, by Neumann; and the second volume of a work, by Professor Wieseler, on the Epistle to the Hebrews.

The second number of the "Studien und Kritiken" contains an article, by Professor Auberlen, of Basel, on the "Eschatological Discourse of Christ, Matthew xxiv, 25," being mainly a review of a recent work on the subject by Cremer, (Die Eschatologische Rede Jesu Christi. Stuttg., 1860.) An Essay, by Gumpich, on the Resuscitation of Lazarus, is concluded in this number. Dr. Cöster gives some interesting illustrations of the language of the Bible from the classic writers of Greece and Rome. Professor Hunderhagen, in a review of Dr. Henke's work on Calixtus, gives a brief history of the last years of this great theologian. Prof. Riehm, of Heidelberg, gives an extended review of the late Dr. Bleek's Introduction to the Old Testament. He

calls the author one of the few biblical scholars of our times who know how to unite faith in the divine revelation of the Old and New Testaments with entire freedom and impartiality of historiccritical and exegetical investigation. The " Zeitschrift für Historische Theologië" is a quarterly journal, entirely devoted, as its title indicates, to questions of historical theology. It is the organ of the Historic-Theological Society of Leipzic, and is now edited by Prof. Niedner, of Berlin. The second number contains a valuable essay, by A. Bogen, on the attempts made in the seventeenth century for effecting a reunion between the Protestants and Rome, and has special interest at a time when Romanizing tendencies are again spreading in several Protestant communions. Another article treats in full of Bernard of Clairvaux's Views of Christian Life. The "Miscellaneous" Department contains a letter from Mosheim, and a document relating to the expulsion of the Protestants from Salzburg in 1732.

The Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Theologie," edited by Professor Hilgenfeld, of Jena, is a continuation of the organ of the Tübingen school, and is now the only representative of Rationalism among the German quarterlies. The cover contains a complete list of the contributors, among whom are the following: Dr. Baur, of Tübingen, (died December 2, 1860;) Professor Hitzig, of Heidelberg; Professor Lipsius, of Vienna; Professor Volkmar, of Zurich; Professor Zeller, of Marburg; Prof. Rückert, of Jena; Prof. Schleiden, the celebrated botanist. The first number of this year contains a review, by Dr. Hilgenfeld, of the recent Critical Literature of Germany on the New Testament, the conclusion of an article by Volkmar on the Catholic Letters and the Book of Henoch, and of another by Egli on the Septuagint. The relation of Luther to the Confession of Augsburg is discussed by Dr. Frank, of Jena, with reference to a recent work of Dr. Calinich, (Luther und des Augsburger Confession. Leipzic, 1861.) Dr. Calinich thinks that the Confession was mainly the work of Luther, and that Melancthon's influence was mostly limited to the style. The reviewer, on the other hand, tries to show that the moderate language with regard to Catholicism, and the reduction of the denominational differences to a minimum, point to the contrary inference.

The "Theologische Quartalschrift (The

ological Quarterly) has deservedly won the reputation of being the ablest scientific journal of Roman Catholic theology. Neither in Italy, France, England, or any other country has the Church a journal that can compare with it. Once it had among its contributors men like Möhler, Hirscher, and Drey, and among its present editors Dr. Hefele and Dr. Kuhn are respected as scholars, also by Protestant theologians. From time to time it still contains articles of great value; but, on the whole, it wields no longer that influence which it possessed at the time of Möhler. The first number of 1862 contains articles on "Nature and Grace," a subject which has of late again called forth a great deal of controversy in the Church of Rome, by Professor Schmid; another archæological one, by Meckel, on some old liturgical documents; and a third, on the Religious Condition of Germany before the Reformatior, by Dr. Gröne, a young author, who attempted some years ago to whitewash the famous seller of indulgences, Tetzel. Extended notices are given of the work of the late Dr. Gfrörer on Pope Gregory VII. and his Age (seven volumes, concluded in 1861;) of Dr. Greith's work on the Mystic Writers on the Order of Dominicans; and also a review of the (Protestant) Introduction to the Old Testament, by the late Professor Bleek, of Bonn. The reviewer calls the author a "deserved veteran upon the field of biblical science," and his book "a work based on thorough studies, and really promoting the science." The establishment of a Protestant journal, devoted to ecclesiastical law, had led to the enlargement of a Roman Catholic paper of the same kind, (Archiv für Katholisches Kirchenrecht,) which was established in 1857, and is now edited by Professor Moy, of the University of Innsbruck, and Professor Vering of Heidelberg. It counts among its contributors professors of the Universities of Munich, Vienna, Bonn, Tübingen, Preslau, Prague, and other eminent jurists and statesmen. The journal brings, besides other matter, editorials on the important questions respecting the relation between Church and State, and an abstract of the proceedings of parliaments and legislatures on such questions. In its present arrangement it contains valuable material for the current religious history of the age.

Professor Hagenbach, of Basel, has published another volume of his popular

lectures on the History of the Christian Church, embracing the time from the thirteenth century to the end of the fifteenth, (Vorlesungen über die Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters. Vol. 2. Leipsic, 1861.) This volume completes the course of lectures on Church history, which the author commenced about thirty years ago, with the history of the Reformation of the sixteenth century, and which now extends to the end of the eighteenth century. As the several volumes were published at great intervals, and not in chronological order, there are, as the author himself says, some incongruities in them; but this deficiency he proposes to remedy by fusing all the separate and independent volumes into one work, to which a Church history of the nineteenth century will be added, thus forming a complete popular Church history from the beginning of the Church to the present day.

The controversy on the "Brothers of the Rough House" (see Methodist Quarterly Review, January, 1862, p. 160) is being continued. The venerable Dr. Wichern, the founder of the institution, has himself undertaken its defense in a little work called "The Rough House: its Children and Brethren." (Das Rauhe Haus, seine Kinder und Brüder. Hamburgh, 1861.) It gives complete and official information on the organization of the association, and conclusively shows up the ignorance and malice of its assailants. On the other hand, a new paniphlet against the association has been published by Dr. J. Duboc, (Die Propaganda des Rauhen Hauses und das Johannes Stift zu Berlin. Leipsic, 1862,) which attacks the spirit of the German Home Missionary Society, and of evangelical Protestantism in general.

We learn from a biographical notice of the late Professor Baur, of Tübingen, in the Preussische Jahrbücher, (October, 1861,) that besides the posthumous work on the Church History of the Middle Ages, (see Methodist Quarterly Review, Jan., 1862, p. 158,) a volume of the Church History of the Nineteenth Century may. be expected from the manuscripts of the learned author, and perhaps still another on the time from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth, thus constituting, with the former works of the author, a complete course of historical works extending over the entire history of the Christian Church.

writers from the seventh until the thirteenth century, and of the Byzantine and Arabic literature. The author does not belong among the admirers of the civilization of the Middle Ages. He can find no true philosophy in that age; none of its writers, according to his opinion, developed original thought; but their work consisted only in an external raking together, and in translating the matter which presented itself to them. Neither Anselm nor Abelard are regarded by him as the deep and independent thinkers which they are generally represented. The important controversy on the significance of the universals, which pervades the entire Middle Ages, has found in the work of Professor Prantl for the first time a development which fully elucidates its causes and motives, and follows it in all its stages, turns, and ramifications, which are too manifold to be exhausted by the common appellations of Nominalism, Realism, and Conceptualism.

If from the number of books published on a particular subject an inference may be drawn as to the number of persons feeling an interest in it, the singular philosophical system of Schopenhauer, which we briefly delineated in the last number of the Methodist Quarterly Review, is still being extensively studied. In addition to the works named in our former notice, two new ones have made their appearance during the last three months, namely, Nagel's "Remarks on Schopenhauer's Philosophical System: The Worldas Will and Representation," "(Bemerkungen über Schopenhauer's System. Bremen, 1861,) and Gwinner, "S.Schopenhauer, as seen in Personal Intercourse," (Schopenhauer aus persönlichem Umgange dargestellt. Leipsic, 1861.)

The philosophical literature of Germany is, as usual, very rich; but we have only room to mention the titles of a few other important works.

Loewe "On the Philosophy of Fichte and its Relation to Kant and Spinoza," (Die Philosophie Fichte's. Stuttgardt, 1861;) Mager, on "Materialism and Spiritualism," (Zur Verständigung über Materialismus und Spiritualismus. Giessen, 1861;) a translation of the Spanish work of Balmes on "Fundamental Philosophy," Lehrbuch der Elemente der Philosophie. Regensburgh, 1861, 2d ed.;) another work on fundamental philosophy by Chalybaeus, Professor at the University of Kiel, and a well-known writer

on philosophical subjects, (Fundamenta Philosophie. Kiel, 1861;) an attempt to bring on what the author calls a "Reconciliation between Theism and Pantheism," by Bühler, (Theocrisis. Berlin, 1861.)

FRANCE.

In the article on the Critical Theology in France, in the number of January 1 of the Revue des Deux Mondes, Charles de Remusat gives an account of a new school of French Protestantism, which, though it has an independent origin and some particularities of its own, occupies, with regard to Christian doctrines, about the same position as the Tubingen school in Germany and the authors of the "Essays and Reviews" in England. The works which Mr. Remusat reviews, and which he designates as the most important of the school, are: Melanges de Critique Religiouse, par E. Scherer; Essays de Critique Religieuse, par A. Reville; Sermons, par T. Colani; Histoire de la Theologie Chretienne, par E. Reuss. Though not a theologian he has mastered his subject, and states the principal features of the school and of each of the above-named four works with great precision. He commends all the four works for their scientific value. He thinks that the Critical School has a mission to perform, and expresses a wish to see it become more widely known. But as to the results of their theology he pronounces it a failure. The radical distinction made by the theologians of the Critical School between subjective faith, which they pretend to preserve, and even to strengthen, within themselves, and theological science, which claims the right to discuss and to deny all the facts of the biblical history, and all the doctrines of the Christian Churches, he declares inadmissible. Faith, M. Remusat says, rests on and presupposes external and historical facts If these objective facts are destroyed, faith has no longer any foundation. It will be an effect without a cause; in its essence it will be nothing. The Critical Theology has therefore, in his opinion, a very difficult task before it; it must re-establish a bond between the subjective and the objective. It must find in Christianity or in religion a minimum that is above critical investigation; for the great question to solve for the Criti cal School of Theology is not what the Christians feel, but what is Christianity? The tenor of M. Remusat's article

throughout is very objective, almost skeptical. He does not express a conviction that no such scheme as the Critical School proposes to itself has a chance to succeed; but, as an eclectic philosopher, confines himself to speak of probabilities. And among the "probabilities" which he affirms is, that it will never be possible to explain away the supernatural element in the evangelical history. He seems inclined to look upon it as an impregnable fortress; but, as already stated before, he does not speak as one of its defenders.

The learned editor of the Revue Chretienne, E. de Pressensé, has published two more volumes of his Church History of the first three centuries, describing the great struggle of Christianity against Paganism: The era of the Martyrs and the Apologists, (Histoire des trois premiers siécles de l'Eglise Chretienne. Second Series. La grande lutte du Christianisme contre le Paganisme. Les Martyrs et les Apologistes. 2 vols. Paris, 1861.) The first two volumes of Pressensé have been generally pronounced to be one of the greatest historical works that have been ever produced by French Protestantism.

Professor Colani has published another volume of Sermons, (Quatre Sermons prêches à Nimes. Strasburg, 1861.) Colani is one of the leaders of the Critical School of Theology in France, and since 1850 is the editor of its organ, Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie Chretienne. Charles de Remusat, in the above-mentioned article in the Revue des Deux Mondes, on the Critical Theology of France, says of the works of Colani: "His sermons have produced an immense sensation in Strasburg. Three volumes have been published, and all Christian denominations, I think, might profit by them.

It is

easy, in my opinion, to find in him the first requisite of a preacher, the power to make us examine our own hearts. The human heart has few secrets for Mr. Colani. He traces with great truth all that cotemporary events and the manners and ideas of the age have made of the sinful soul. I do not believe that any one has known better than he to apply to the new state of society the ethics of the Gospel, and to show how the precepts and the examples of the sacred book are applicable to sentiments and wants which at first may appear to be so far from it. He is not the enemy of his times; he shares all the aspirations of modern societies which seem to be innocent or praiseworthy; his severity bears no resemblance to ill humor, and his rigor is no misanthropy." The great talent displayed in all the works of Colani is recognized by all his critics, yet the influence of the Rationalistic school, of which he is the head, is on the decline.

Among other recent theological and philosophical publications of France are:

Nicolas, Etudes Critiques sur la Bible, (Ancien Testament.) The author is Professor at the Theological Faculty of Montauban, and belongs also to the Rationalistic school.

Esteoule, (also Protestant,) Essai sur l'autorité de l'Ancien Testament. Daurignac, Histoire de St. Francois d'Assise.

Foucher de Careil, Leibnitz, la Philosophie juive et la Cabale. Leibnitic Observationes, ad Rabbi Mosis Maimonidis librum qui inscribitur, "Doctor Perplexorum." In Latin and in French. The author is also at present editing the first complete edition of the works of Leibnitz. Véra, Le Hegelianisms et la Philosophie.