So much has been said lately about Sun-worship and the Solar theory, that we are glad to see the subject has been taken up by an Assyriologist who is besides well acquainted with Old Egyptian literature. The Science of Religions is very modern, and the inquirer, as our author remarks, must, if he does not wish to advance mere theories, call in the help of linguistics and ethnography. For this reason two eminent philologists have in England done more for the science of religions than many specialists, Prof. Max Müller and Prof. A. H. Sayce. The latter in his learned work," Introduction to the Science of Language," has even given a special chapter on the Science of Religions, where he shows how much the development of myths owes to the development of words and to the growth of ideas which they represent.

Dr. L. Oberziner, after a short introduction, where he points to the causes which have made the Sun-worship a pre-eminent element in the natural religions, treats first naturally of the religion of ancient Egypt. The large place it occupied in Egyptian mythology is not for him the result of an accident; for, as he says, "the physical character of a country and the special temperament of its inhabitants give a particular direction to the development of the religious conception and to the ceremonial." In Egypt, for instance, the care given to the construction of the funeral monuments and to the preservation of the human remains, might impress the idea that the Egyptians thought more of the life after death than the earthly life; but the author acutely remarks that this comes, on the contrary, from their great love for their blessed abode on the shores of the Nile. Under the warming rays of the Sun the fertile land of Egypt gave abundant crops without any work: to the Sun therefore the Egyptians attributed all benevolent action; he was the distributer of favours, the maker of light, the dispenser of darkness; little by little he was raised to the top of the pantheon, or all the other gods considered as forms of Ra, the Sun-god. This process of assimilation was also the natural consequence of the unification of Egypt under the sceptre of Menes, the religious conception being, as a rule, the reflect of the political organization. Through this process of assimilation Egypt became practically monotheist: Ra being placed at the head of the pantheon, he became the creator, the one who organized the chaotic matter, the father of the gods, that is, taking many forms. Pantheism was the natural and necessary development of such a conception, but it became apparent only at a later date when it had been elaborated in the sacerdotal schools.

The Sun, or Ra, being considered as the great motor of everything, the multiform power of the world, the Egyptians tried to compare their own existence with his every-day course. At his rising Ra was a child, and as he went through the sky, he became a youth, a man, and in the later part of the day was represented as broken by age. The rising again of the sun, thus compared to man, gave

*Calto del Sole presso gli Antichi Orientali. By Lodovico Oberziner. Vol. I.

WORSHIP.*

naturally the idea of resurrection. In the Book of the Dead the dead man is assimilated to the sun, and is expected to live again, as the sun begins every day a new life.

From these transformations of Ra, and from his everrenewed life, sprung naturally the idea of the metempsychosis; but, as Dr. Oberziner remarks, this religious conception of the Egyptians is very different from that of the Indians or the Pythagoreans. The Egyptians, of the early dynasties at least, believed they would come again to their beloved country, and see again their relations; their paradise was the very land where they used to live, and they had their bodies preserved so carefully because they believed the soul would inhabit the very same body. This rather childish conception could not, however, be long retained; so little by little the relatives of the deceased disappeared from the scene on the funeral monuments, and the land of the blessed was placed in the nether world ruled by Amen-Ra, the invisible sun.

One of the most interesting and original chapters of this volume is the one treating of Animal worship. Much has been said to explain such a savage custom among the intelligent population of Egypt. Some saw in it a remnant or revival of the religion of the Negro inhabitants, having, they supposed, preceded the Egyptians in the Nile Valley. Dr. Oberziner shows easily the unlikeliness of this supposition, and he prefers the other explanation by which animals are considered as symbolic representatives of the gods, and from the respect paid to the gods to the respect paid to the material object or to the animals symbolizing these gods, there is very little distance, as we see by many instances in other religions, but admits also another cause: "The Egyptians," he says, "through their love for this life, were naturally inclined to look with sympathy on all that lived, and from sympathy.to worship there is but a short step." This appears to be a more rational and natural explanation than those taken either from a supposed pre-Egyptian population or from a mere symbolism, though the latter may have played a certain part, especially when the ceremonial was developed under the influence of the various religious schools.

Very little is known about the actual ceremonies of the Egyptian Sun-worship; the monuments say hardly anything, and we must therefore depend on what the Greeks said. There are, however, a few documents written in Demotic, published a few years ago in France, which might throw a new light on the subject; unfortunately the difficulties met with in translating them cause many to mistrust the rendering of them given by the specialists, and no doubt this is why the author neglects them.

This volume will certainly be of great help to those who have given their attention to Egyptian archæology, but will also be very interesting to the general reader. We must say that we await the publication of the second volume treating of Babylonia and Assyria with interest and curiosity. for the subject of Sun-worship in these regions has hardly been touched upon till now, and being treated by an Assyriologist, it will not fail to bring trustworthy materials to the students of comparative mythology.-GEORGE BERTIN.

Such a

ARTISTIC JAPAN.-The first number of a monthly journal bearing this title, and devoted to Japanese art in all its branches, has just been issued by Messrs. Sampson Low & Co. Besides ten quarto plates printed in colours, many quaint illustrations are scattered through the text. publication cannot fail to be of great practical value to designers and all who have to cater for the present prevailing taste for Japanese ornament, while the artistic world in general will without doubt heartily appreciate this important addition to its literature.

ANCIENT PORCELAIN: A Study in Chinese Medieval Industry and Trade. By F. HIRTH, Ph.D.

This pamphlet is from the last number of the Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and should at once find its way into the hands of all interested in the study or collection of Chinese porcelain. In it, Dr. Hirth combats the view of Julien, who placed the invention of porcelain as far back as the Han Dynasty (206 B. C.-220 A.D.). He assigns it, roughly speaking, to the earlier years of the T'ang dynasty (A.D. 618-907), basing his argument upon a mass of negative evidence which has been collected and digested with the author's well-known care. Among many other

valuable and interesting points, for which we must refer our readers to the work in question, we may mention one such sweeping change as the substitution of green for blue in the denomination of that class of ancient chinaware known as céladons. We cannot, however, accept Dr. Hirth's transla

tion of 近伐以白瓷為之 chin taii pai-tz'a

wei chih "During recent generations it has been used to make white porcelain." This should be, During recent generations, white porcelain has been used to make it,"namely pai-ngo, .

SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS. Dr. Rajendralála Mitra, C.I.E., etc., has forwarded us his Notices of Sanskrit MSS. (published under orders of the Government of Bengal), Volume 9, part 1. It contains notices of 183 manuscripts of various descriptions, some being Jain, some commentaries and treatises, on medical and other scientific and occult subjects, together with hymns and poems.

A LOCAL AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY. The Students of Eastern Languages in Philadelphia held a meeting in May last at 1833, Spruce Street, which was attended

by a large proportion of the students of Oriental languages in that city. It was voted to organize a Society to be known as the "Oriental Club of Philadelphia," and the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Dr. H. C. Trumbull; Secretary, Stewart Culin; and Treasurer, Dr. M. W. Easton. The meeting was held in response to a call signed by Dr. H. C. Trumbull, Dr. Morris Jastrow, jun., Dr. John P. Peters, Dr. H. V. Hilprecht, Mr. Benjamin Smith Lyman, Mr. Stewart Culin, and Mr. Talcott Williams. Besides the gentlemen signing the call, there were present Admiral A. J. McCauley, Rev. Dr. George Dana Boardman, Rev. Dr. Joseph F. Garrison, Professor J. Rendel Harris, and Professor R. W. Rogers, of Haverford College; Dr. Edward W. Hopkins, of Bryn Mawr College; Rev. Dr. Morris Jastrow, Mr. Philip H. Law, Mr. Isaac Meyer, Rev. Dr. John Stronach, Mr. Meyer Sulzberger, and Mr. Tatui Baba. Letters were also read from Rev. Dr. Corcoran, of St. Charles' Seminary at Overbrook, and Dr. William Goodell, expressing an interest in the plan and purpose of the proposed organization, as well as from Professor P. Haupt and Dr. Cyrus Adler, of Johns Hopkins University. In all, twenty-seven students of Oriental languages were invited to take part in the proposed organization, of whom twenty were present at the meeting, two others responding by letter. It is the purpose of the organization to serve as a means for bringing together those interested in the languages and letters of the East with a view to promoting study and assisting research by mutual contact rather than for the publication of transactions by the organization itself. It is hoped to include and interest in the new "Oriental Club of Philadelphia" all those in and about the city devoted to or occupied in any branch of Oriental research, either through their professional work or from personal association with the East.

CHINESE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.-There is no doubt that America was known to the Chinese long before the reputed discovery by Columbus. Junks have been driven on the coasts of some of the Aleutian Islands by the Kurasuwo current and westerly winds. The Rev. J. Edkins, in the "China Review" for March-April, states that this current runs from Japan in about 40° latitude, and proceeds eastward across the ocean to California. It proceeds down the coast from California past Mexico and Central America to latitude 10° N., where it meets the Peruvian current, and both unite and flow westward to the Ladrone Islands, where it turns North-west to Japan. Steamers sail in the track of this current both Eastward and Westward.

A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE. The literature on this subject is daily becoming more voluminous. Besides Mr. Sprague's adaptation of Volapük to English needs, we have "World English, The Universal Language," and a "Hand-Book of World-English," by Mr. Alexander Melville Bell, the well-known author of " Visible Speech," and many other works on language. Mr. Bell takes English phonetically, multiplying the characters so as to represent the various sounds by means of dots, dashes and hyphens, and he says, that with very little practice children can be taught to read fluently, and we can easily believe him. Dots, dashes, etc., have been condemned by the "American Academy," in the report of their committee on Volapük, and they certainly render a language much more difficult to write.

Lingua, an International Language for the Purposes of Commerce and Science," by Mr. George J. Henderson,* is another candidate for popular favour as a universal language, and possesses many merits to recommend it. It is based on the Latin, once the language of diplomacy. It has been said of Volapük that it has no scientific basis, but the success of Volapük up to the present has been through its simplicity of construction; but it is not simple enough, and the basis of any universal language must be natural and simple. No one would know that Volapük is derived from two English words, World-Speech," unless it was explained to them that by substituting the cockney v for w, and discarding the consonants r and d. "Vol" is obtained, the form Vola being the genitive. Pük is obtained by first turning speech into spük and then discarding the s, so that the way Herr Schleyer obtains the name of his language is an arbitrary one, which destroys the trace of its derivation.

SYDNEY FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY.-From the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Trustees of this institution we find that the books have been all re-arranged and (by the exercise of considerable ingenuity on the part of the Librarian) 52.000 volumes have been placed on the shelves of the new building, whilst in the Old Library not more than 26,000 volumes could be made available. During the past year 86 boxes of London, Trübner & Co.

books, containing 6363 volumes, have been lent out free of all charges to 44 institutions in the country districts. These boxes have travelled 32,904 miles in reaching their different destinations. The books have been well read and good care has been taken of them; while many of the library committees have expressed their high appreciation of these free loans of books, which they could not have afforded to purchase at their own expense. The system of country loans has been carried on successfully since August, 1883, without any serious loss either to this Institution or to the country libraries until this year, when one box valued at £47 11s. was lost at Bourke, in transmission to Sydney from the Brewarrina School of Arts. This loss arose from the neglect of the late Honorary Secretary of that Library in omitting to obtain a parcel receipt from the carriers, in consequence of which neglect no trace of the missing box has yet been found. The total number of visitors to the Reference Library during 1887 was 69,494; and the total number to the Lending Branch was 69,709. The total number of days the Reference Library was open (including Sundays) was 264. The total number of days that the Lending Library was open (including Sundays) was 341. The average number of volumes used on Sundays in the Reference Library was 163, and the Lending Branch 65. The average number of volumes used on week days in the Reference Library was 667, and the Lending Branch 293.

THE TORCH.-"The Torch and Colonial Book Circular" is the title of a quarterly bibliographical periodical, the first number of which was issued under what is now its second title. It is edited by Mr. Edward Augustus Petherick, the late manager of the London agency of Mr. George Robertson, bookseller, of Melbourne. Mr. Petherick, who has now started in business for himself, as an agent for Colonial booksellers, intends to make the "Torch a medium of information in book-lore both for Colonial booksellers and those of the United Kingdom. For the former he provides lists of the latest publications of the home market. and for the latter he provides bibliographies of Colonial publications, with short notices of both. Four numbers of this Circular" have appeared, viz. September and December, 1887, and March and June, 1888; in No. 3, March, Mr. Petherick commences an historical bibliography of Australia, commencing with New South Wales, this being, as the editor says, the centenary of its foundation." In No. 4, June, will be found a facsimile of the title-page of "New South Wales-General Standing Orders; selected from the General Orders issued by former Governors, from February, 1791, to September, 1800; also General Orders issued by Governor King, from the 30th September, 1800, to the 30th of September, 1802. Sydney: Printed at Government Press, 1802." Mr. Petherick has collected together in these four numbers a mass of very useful bibliographical matter, and if he progresses as he has commenced, he will make the "Torch a necessary adjunct to the bibliographical tools of all librarians.

THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE.-In the Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, third series, vol. 5, fasciculus 2, April, 1888, the Rev. John McLean, M.A., Blood Reserve Macleod Albert, says that Dr. Rae, in a lecture delivered before the London Institution, stated that "in the northern parts of Canada were to be found five hundred different languages in seventy-five ethnical groups." Mr. McLean enumerates twenty-three he has met with, and says "further study and observation may be productive of more information on the subject." Of these languages sixteen belong to the great North-West of the Dominion, and seven to British Columbia.* Besides the above-mentioned fasciculus we have received from the Minister of Education, Ontario, the Annual Report of the Canadian Sessions 1886-7, which contains engravings of aboriginal antiquities, consisting mostly of pottery, pipes, weapons, totems, beads, drills, etc.

UNITED STATES HISTORICAL PAPERS.-The following letter has been issued with the "Washington Papers," pages 1 to 9 by the U.S. Government :-" Department of State, Washington, Sir,-There are in the Department of State many large collections of public and private papers which throw important light upon the early history of the National Government, and which, from a sense of their great and ever-increasing importance, have from time to time been purchased by order of Congress. A mere list of these collections will show their worth, and how essential they are to a proper understanding of the history of the United States and of the lives and opinions of those who took a most active part in creating and establishing the National Government.

• Thirteen possess a literature in the way of vocabularies, dictionaries, grammars, etc., of which he gives a list.

The general titles of these collections are:-1. Papers of the Continental Congress.-2. Washington Papers.-3. Franklin Papers.-4. Hamilton Papers.-5. Jefferson Papers.-6. Madison Papers.-7. Monroe Papers. Only portions, comparatively small, of these collections are now accessible to the public, and even in those portions the omissions have been many and important, little connection has been preserved, and strange liberties have been taken with the text, circumstances that have given rise to a belief, well founded in many cases, that the printed record was partial and misleading. A reprint of each paper verbatim et literatim will alone furnish the means for correcting these errors and omissions, and believing that the time is now come when this rich material should be made available for students of American history, I have planned such a full and complete publication. This is the only rational method of utilizing these collections that commends itself. The condition of the manuscripts, decaying and often almost illegible through fading, the lack of arrangement and proper indexing, the great and unique value of the papers, and the risk involved in exposing them for examination, have been such as to preclude any arrangement by which ready access to them could be granted to all comers, while the clerical force of the Department is inadequate to respond fully to the many requests made upon it for copies or précis of letters, reports and other records in its possession. It is in accordance with these views that I have had prepared a few pages of the Washington Papers, which I lay before you for criticism and suggestion, asking your opinion on the expediency of this plan, the public benefits to be derived from it, its local as well as national importance. The scope of the proposed publication and the methods to be employed may best be seen from these pages. As I intend to apply to Congress for the means to carry out this undertaking, national in its bearings and importance, I would ask you to make an early reply to this circular, that the work may be pushed to completion should it commend itself to the good sense of Congress and the people.-I am, sir, your obedient servant, (signed) T. F. Bayard.'

UNITED STATES ARTILLERY.-An "Historical Sketch of the Artillery, United States Army, its Organization, Matériel and Tactics," by Wm. E. Birkhimer, First Lieutenant 3rd Artillery U.S.A., has been published by Mr. Jas. J. Chapman, of Washington. This work gives the only information readily available to the profession, as well as to the reading public, upon the History, Organization, Matériel, and Tactics of U.S. Artillery. It addresses itself to all interested in the Defence of the U.S. Seaboard Cities, that Arm of the Service occupying the most important position in this connection; and to place it on a footing commensurate with the great National purpose for which it is created and maintained, a proper knowledge of its origin and growth is indispensable. The information in this work can be found nowhere else. The author having had the advantage of access to the Records of the Government Departments, and prior to its publication the early career of the Artillery of the U.S. Army was known only in the official papers relating thereto. It brings before all the salient features of that Arm of the Service from 1775 to the present time. A limited edition only having been published, but few copies remain.

THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION. Mr. Paul Leicester Ford, of 97, Clark Street, Brooklyn, New York, announces for publication an 8vo. work, containing between 400 and 500 pages, handsomely printed in small pica type, on fine paper, a reprint of the controversial pamphlets for and against the Constitution of the United States (1787-1789), published between its adoption by the Federal Convention and its ratification by the States. The edition is to be limited to 500 copies.

TUNNELING.-Most of the engineering books on tunneling are expensive, so we think Mr. Leo Von Rosenburg has earned the thanks of the profession for having brought out at a reasonable price a monograph on the Vosburg Tunnel, with the permission of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company. The tunnel was built for the Pennsylvania and New York Canal and Railroad Company, to cut off a bend of the Susquehanna River, and the Lehigh Valley Company control this line. The work is illustrated by 72 engravings and several maps, and contains 56 pages of letterpress; the tunnel described in it is a double track 3902 feet long, and the headings met in seventeen months from the starting of the work. The improvements made in drilling machinery and the new discoveries in explosives render a work like this of particular interest to engineers as being a record of the latest practice in this branch of constructive engineering, and Mr. Von Rosenburg deserves their thanks for the clear

and lucid manner in which he has placed the operations on record before them.

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF THE FINE ARTS, VOL. IV., NO. 2, to be published shortly, will contain the following: 1. Notes on Christian Mosaics; the Lost Mosaics of the East (Secular and Ecclesiastical), by Prof. A. L. Frothingham, jun., of Princeton College. 2. Three Manumission Decrees recently found upon the Athenian Akropolis, by Karl D. Buck, member of the American School at Athens. 3. A Laughing Girl and a Study of Coiffure: a terra-cotta head in the Royal Antiquarium at Munich (one plate), by Prof. Alfred Emerson, of Miami University. 4. An Archaic Kypriote silver Patera from Kourion in the Metropolitan Museum of New York (one plate), by Prof. Allan Marquand, of Princeton College. 5. Hittite Reliefs at Carchemish-Jerablus (two plates), by Rev. Dr. Wm. Hayes Ward. 6. Excavations at Vetulonia and early Italic Archæology (two plates), by A. L. Frothingham, jun. 7. Reviews of Perrot and Chipiez and Gustav Hirschfeld. 8. Archæological News from all parts of the world. 9. Summaries of Archæological Periodicals.-Volume 4, No. 1, March, 1888, just issued, bears the imprint of Ginn and Company, Boston, Mass., who will in future be the publishers.

WEST POINT ACADEMY.-The Annual Report of the Board of Visitors to this Academy for 1887, under the presidency of Geo. W. Childs, Esq., of Philadelphia, is before us. Seven Visitors are appointed by the President of the United States, two by the President of the Senate, and three by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. We note amongst the names nominated by the President, that of General Robert H. Anderson, of Savannah, Georgia; it is very necessary that the Board of Visitors have a military man amongst them to enable them to conduct their investigations in a thorough and businesslike manner. West Point being a purely military institution, civilians, and especially those who visit it for the first time, can scarcely know what is required of them, unless they have military advice at hand. The Report speaks of a feeling existing in the United States against such institutions as West Point, it being thought that they tend towards an aristocratic exclusiveness not suitable to a Republican country. However that may be, West Point is a necessary evil, as a country like the United States, which possesses a large territory comparatively undefended and only a nucleus of a standing army, without such an institution as West Point, would have no trained officers in time of need. The suppression of the rebellion of Riel in Canada showed what could be done with levies hastily raised if well officered. The power of appointing cadets for West Point rests entirely with the President of the United States; they may be recommended by Representatives in Congress, which recommendation is generally accepted by the President, but the power to admit them is vested in the President.

EVOLUTION.-Professor Angelo Heilprin has just published a very interesting little volume entitled "The Geological Evidences of Evolution," Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences; London, Trübner & Co. This little book, which is full of woodcuts illustrating the text, is an amplification of a discourse delivered in 1887 before the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. In this discourse Professor Heilprin shows from the researches and explorations of Professors Marsh, Cope, and others, in what a remarkable manner Geology, or rather Palæontology, supports the theory of Evolution. In connection with the same subject we quote the following from the Philadelphia Ledger :—

Professor Angelo Heilprin delivered a lecture at the Academy of Natural Sciences, in April, A Chapter from the Early History of Philadelphia," in the course of which he said: "Long anterior to the advent of man, the site of Philadelphia already existed. Indeed, the site of at least a portion of our city is one of the earliest of which Geology has any record. When the greater part of what constitutes the dry land of the earth's surface was still water, and when not unlikely the greater, or a very great part of what is now water was land, the site of Philadelphia was already clearly marked out a strip of land facing a western ocean, with an eastern ocean at no very great distance.

"How far back in time this period was cannot be satisfactorily determined. Geologists place it among the millions of years, and the physicists are agreed with them. America may be a new continent; but the site of Philadelphia is far more ancient than the sites of our sister-cities of the Transatlantic, such as London, Paris, Berlin and Vienna. The hills of our Park long antedated the loftier heights of the Alps, Himalayas, or Rocky Mountains. Our streams, the

Schuylkill and Wissahickon, were probably grey and old before the Thames, Seine, or Danube dreamed of occupying their present channels.

44

When man first appeared upon the scene, he lived in a region almost altogether like the present one, even though some of his associates were different. At that time the Mastodon, the giant precursor of the Elephant, roamed about the region of our city, leaving its impress in the bogs and swamps that lie within a few miles of our portals; the Reindeer, creature of the Northern climes, found a congenial home among the New Jersey sands, where likewise the Buffalo spread its herds to seaward, and even the native Horse at that time appears to have but little anticipated extermination. This period is possibly not very long ago, but it has been impossible thus far to fix it accurately; thousands of years, doubtless, but how many more we cannot as yet say."

He also spoke of the origin of the 'cobble' stones found so plentifully associated with the clay of this region, whose structure and the fossils contained in them show that they came from the Northern regions 70 or 80 miles away. He concludes that they were brought to their present location from the belt of deposits of boulders extending east and west 60 or 70 miles north of Philadelphia, which is passed through by the Delaware at Belvidere, a few miles below the Water Gap, and extends almost continuously from the ocean to the Pennsylvania border.

"Our belt of cobble stone is not, however, the narrow fringe that we see in front of the modern glacier, but extends in a more or less continuous line well nigh half across the continent. We must, consequently, assume that it was backed up by a sheet of ice of equal expanse. This seems like an incredible conception, but the facts are too plain to allow us to be deceived. During what is known as the Great Ice Age or the Glacial Period, the whole northern half of the North American continent was shrouded in one almost continuous sheet of ice, which reached to within 60 or 70 miles of our city limits. At the same period the northern half of Europe was similarly enveloped. The special cause of this accumulation is not positively known, but it appears conclusively that the surface was buried to a depth of several thousands of feet."

REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES CHIEF OF ENGINEERS.-Brigadier-General James C. Duane, Chief of Engineers, U.S.A., in his Annual Report for 1887, which is a very elaborate one in four thick 8vo. volumes, again reverts to the defenceless state of the Coast of the United States, and remarks that no appropriation has been made for fortifications since 1886. The works at present in contemplation, should the funds asked of Congress for the purpose be appropriated, are for the defence of the harbours at Portland, Boston, Narragansett Bay, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Hampton Roads, Washington, New Orleans, and San Francisco. These Reports, containing, as they do, so much matter on the improvement of rivers and harbours, ought to be of inestimable value to Indian and Colonial engineers, whose work is much upon the same lines.

U. S. CONSULS' REPORTS.-No. 86 contains Sugar-production of Barbadoes, Bermuda, Brazil, British Guiana, Chili, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dutch Guiana, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Hayti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Porto Rico. Republic of Columbia. Salvador, San Domingo, St. Christopher, St, Thomas, Trinidad, Turks Island, and Venezuela.-No. 89 contains the Mining Laws of S. African Republic, Statistics of Australia, Population, Imports. Exports, Agriculture, etc.. Bonded Warehouses, Trade of China, Factory Operations in Germany, Commerce and Railways on Northern Mexico, Mines of Asia Minor, Seamen's Wages, and Shipbuilding in the United Kingdom. -No. 90 contains the Budgets and Budget Legislations in Foreign Countries.

THE MUSICAL YEAR BOOK OF THE UNITED STATES. -Mr. G. H. Wilson, of Boston, has issued the fifth volume of his "Musical Year Book for the United States," which has grown out of the "Boston Musical Year Book," thus gaining an enlarged sphere of usefulness. The work is accompanied by an index of titles and a small Directory of Musicians.

HISTORY OF CO-OPERATION IN THE UNITED STATES. These economic studies by graduate students of the Johns Hopkins University, with an introduction by Richard T. Ely, Ph.D., are the first attempt at a systematic treatment of the many co-operative enterprises and experiments which either now exist or have flourished in the past on American soil. As the field to be worked was so vast and so new, it was decided to proceed on the co-operative plan, and to divide the different sections among the graduate students of that University,

qualified by academic training to conduct the requisite investigations. The following are the divisions of territory:— New England States; Edward W. Bemis, Ph.D., Lecturer on History and Economics, Vanderbilt University.-Middle States; Edward W. Bemis, Ph.D.-The Northwest; Albert Shaw, Ph.D., Associate Editor of the Tribune, Minneapolis, Minn.-The West; Amos G. Warner, A. B., General Agent of the Organized Charities of Baltimore.-The South; D. R. Randall, Ph.D., of Annapolis, Md.-The Pacific Slope; Charles H. Shinn, A.B., Editor of the Overland Monthly. It is believed that this work has a two-fold value; first, as of practical use to those who are engaged in co-operative enterprizes, which are already very numerous in the United States. It will place before American citizens the results of past experiment, and, by enabling them to avoid old mistakes, will assist rational efforts at social reform, and will contribute to the peaceful evolution of society. On the other hand, a careful examination of co-operative enterprizes under the peculiar circumstances which exist in the United States will be a comparative study in economic experimentation of high scientific value. The volume consists of 540 pages 8vo.

PRIZE STUDIES OF TORNADOES.-The American Meteorological Journal, desiring to direct the attention of students to tornadoes, in hopes that valuable results may be obtained, offers the following prizes: For the best original essay on tornadoes or description of a tornado, $200 will be given. For the second best, $50. And among those worthy of special mention $50 will be divided. The essays must be sent to either of the editors, Professor Harrington, Astronomical Observatory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, or A. Lawrence Rotch, Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, Readville, Mass., U.S.A., before the 1st day of July, 1889. They must be signed by a nom de plume, and be accompanied by a sealed envelope addressed with same nom de plume and enclosing the real name and address of the author. Three independent and capable judges will be selected to award the prizes; and the papers receiving them will be the property of the Journal offering the prizes. A circular giving fuller details can be obtained by application to Prof. Harrington, American Meteorological Journal Co., Ann Arbor, Mich.

SOLAR CURE.- Dr. E. D. Babbitt, the author of "Light and Colour," a work now nearly out of print, has published with the New York Solar Thermolume Company a work on the "Philosophy of Cure," being the first part of six treating Human Culture and Cure." This part, in one of the chapters, shows the remarkable curative power of sunlight, and that disease is engendered by the absence of light and air.

on

THE ARYAN RACE.-Prof. Charles Morris (S. C. Griggs & Co., Chicago) has published an outline history entitled "The Aryan Race, its Origin and Achievements," divided into thirteen chapters. In this work Professor Morris has endeavoured to trace the progress of a race which now numbers about 420,000,000 souls, one-third of the population of the earth, whilst two centuries ago they did not number more than one-tenth the population of the world. It seems strange that so little is known of the early life of this race, which bids fair to possess itself of the earth, and that the actual site of their rise is doubtful, Europe and Asia having about equal claims to be the birthplace of the conquering Aryans. Their original language is unknown, although many existing ones now spoken by them bear internal traces of having been derived from a parent language which philologists have named the Indo-Germanic and the Aryan. At the earliest dawn of history this race was in possession of the whole of Europe with the exception of certain corners into which they appear to have crowded other tribes, as the Lapps on the north, and the Basques in the mountainous regions of Spain. Professor Morris professes only to have given in this volume a brief outline of the history of the Aryan Race; but it is the most connected account of that remarkable people that has yet been written, tracing how they emerged from savage life, gradually attaining intellectual superiority and supremacy, and became the ancestors of all the leading nations of modern times, whilst the Mongolians, the Negro and the Semitic races seem to have advanced to a certain point, and then stood still and allowed the Aryans to outstrip them in the race for empire. The advance and progress of the Aryans from unknown regions and mythical time to the present savours of romance, and Professor Morris's history of their movements reads like one, and we are sure any one interested at all in the subject, after taking it up, will not lay it down till they have read it through.

CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF CANADA.-John George Bourinot, LL.D., F.R.S., etc., Clerk of the House of

Commons of Canada, has published with Messrs. Dawson Bros., Montreal, a very useful Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada, from the earliest period to the year 1888. This manual is taken from the author's large work on 'Parliamentary Practice and Procedure in Canada." In this volume the Canadian constitution is complete with all the emendations, etc., down to the present time. This book will form a text-book for University Students in Dominion Constitutional Law.

VON HOLST'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE

U.S.A. We have received from Mr. Julius Springer, of Berlin, the first half of the fourth volume of this exhaustive work, extending over the period commencing with President Buchanan's inauguration to the commencement of the Civil War. The work is splendidly printed for those who read German; but those who do not will have to wait for Mr. John J. Lalor's excellent translation published by Messrs. Callaghan, of Chicago, U.S.A., which is completed to the election of President Buchanan.

NEW MAGAZINES. "The Occult Review." This "Quarterly Review," commenced in January this year, is intended to keep its readers acquainted with current occult publications, and is published by the Occult Publishing Company, at the low price of ten cents per annum.-"The Canadian Checkerist," devoted to chess and checkers, is published at Toronto, Canada. Vol. 1, No. 5, April 14, contains a match between Toronto and Markham, in which the former city wins by 26. It is published by Mr. W. H. Darlington, Church Street, Toronto.

SLANG, JARGON, AND CANT.-Messrs. Whittaker and Co. announce for publication a Dictionary of Unconventional Phraseology, embracing English, American, and Colonial Slang, compiled and edited by Prof. Albert Barrère and Charles Godfrey Leland, M. A., etc,, etc., in co-operation with several specialists. The work is to be in two volumes, fcap. 4to., uniform with "Argot and Slang."

THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE LIBRARY.-Mr. Gomme, in the Eighth Volume of this Library (published by Elliot Stock), treats of " Bookmaking and Bookselling." It is curious to look over the list of publishers of book catalogues with marked prices," dating back as early as 1757, and the lists of early book sales. Libraries, Book Clubs, Bibles, Prayer-books and Devotional books have also their place in the volume, which is decidedly an interesting one to the bibliophile.

BOOK-PRICES CURRENT (Elliot Stock), lies before us. The record of sales seems to have been faithfully done, but the Index is very incomplete. To test it we have referred to " Life In London." This appears under Egan," and includes two copies of "Real Life," a distinct book. In the case of the Greek Testaments it is even worse, the following being grouped without distinction: (540) Pickering 1828, (541) Garamard 1555, (692 and 5815) The Omirifican 1549, (2420 and 2494) Wetstenii 1751, (4386) Erasmo 1516, (4487) Elzevir 1621, (8050) Elzevir 1633, (8051) Griesbachii 1803-7. So that, wishing to value any of these editions, one must refer to all. By, we suppose, a clerical error, (3940) Ogilvie's Dictionary 1882-83 is credited with three instead of four vols., and (2955) Ritson's Northern Garland 1810 is not indexed at all.

BOOKS, ETC., RECEIVED.-Babylonian and Oriental Record, April, 1888, No. 5, vol. 2.-The China Review, March, April, 1888.-Eighteenth Report of Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labour.-Oswald's Secret of the East. Truth Seeker Co.-The West American Scientist, vol. 3, No. 28. Bibliographical Contributions. Library of Harvard University, ed. Justin Winsor, No. 30, Facsimile of the MS. of Shelley's "Sky Lark"; No. 31, "Farlow's Supplemental List of Works on North American Fungi." Buchner's "Materialism." Truth Seeker Co. Bell (W. S.) An Outline of the French Revolution. Truth Seeker Co.Oswald's Bible of Nature. Truth Seeker Co.-Pidgin's Practical Statistics. The W. E. Smythe Co. - Dewey's Leibnitz's Human Understanding. Griggs' Philosophical Series.-Lyon and Tigrane's Proposed Scheme for a New Turkish Grammar.-Circulars of Information. Bureau of Education. No. 1, 2, and 3. 1887.-Chamberlain's Chaneabal and Tzotzil Vocobularies.

CLARKE.-The Rev. James Freeman Clarke, D.D., who died on May the 8th, was born at Hanover, New Hampshire, April 4th, 1810, and graduated at Harvard in 1829. He was pastor of the Unitarian Church at Louisville, Kentucky, from 1833 to 1840, and he became pastor of the Church of the Disciples, Boston, in 1841, which he held most of the time up to his death. Dr. Clarke always found time for literary work besides his pastoral duties; between 1836 and 1839 he edited the Western Messenger, at Louisville, Kentucky. The following list embraces most of his works:-" De Wette's Theodore," 2 vols.," General William Hull's Life and Military Services," Eleven Weeks in Europe," "Christian Doctrine of Forgiveness," "Memoirs of Marchioness D'Ossoli," "Christian Doctrine of Prayer," "Ten Great Religions,' "Common Sense in Religion," "The Hour which Cometh," "Orthodoxy, its Truth and Errors," Steps of Belief," "AntiSlavery Days," "Essentials and Non-Essentials in Religion," "Events and Epochs in Religious History," "Go up Higher," "How to find the Stars," "Ideas of the Apostle Paul," "Manual of Unitarian Belief," "Legend of Thomas Didymus," "Self Culture," and "Every Day Religion."

HEILPRIN.-Michael Heilprin, who died on May the 10th, at Summit, New Jersey, was one of the refugees of the Hungarian revolution of 1849, who sought an asylum in the United States. The "Publishers' Weekly" says of him, "He was a man of vast learning and great modesty." He was on the staff of the " Nation," New York, from the time it was established, and did the chief editorial work of " Appleton's American Encyclopædia." Like many other learned men, his modest and retiring disposition was the cause of his being less known to the public than many others who with less learning make more noise in the world.

SQUIRE. Mr. Ephraim George Squire, who died on April the 17th, was well known as an archæologist, and published several works on the antiquities of Central America, where some years back he represented the Government of the United States. He was born at Bethlehem, in the State of New York, June 17th, 1821, and was consequently in his 67th year. He was the son of a methodist minister and the grandson of a revolutionary soldier. He took up his degree of A.M. in New Jersey College, in 1848; before this he worked on a farm in the summer, taught at school in the winter, and edited, and contributed to several newspapers. In conjunction with Dr. Davis, of the Ohio, he published a memoir on the "Aboriginal Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," in Volume I. of the Smithsonian Society's "Contributions to Knowledge." He published in the Transactions of the Ethnological Society, a" Memoir on the Ancient Monuments of the West." For the New York Historical Society he prepared "Aboriginal Monuments of the State of New York.' His mission to Central America resulted in his publishing "Nicaragua: its People, Scenery, and Monuments," "Notes on Central America," " Waikua, or Adventures on the Mosquito Shore," "The States of Central America," "Monograph of Authors on the Aboriginal Languages of Central America," "Tropical Fibres," "Honduras and San Salvador," and "Hunting a Pass." He also published The Serpent Symbol," in 1851, and a paper in the Ethnological Society's Collections on the "Remains of Stonehenge.' He acted as United States Commissioner to Peru in 1863-4, and for some time edited Frank Leslie's periodicals.