he took a strong position at Mohács, where, 161 years before, the Hungarian army had been annihilated. But this time, the arms of Austria were successful, for after a sanguinary contest the Turks had to retreat, leaving 20,000 men on the field of battle. Tökölyi and his confederates had to seek safety in flight, and Apafy, compelled to accept the most humiliating terms from the Archduke Charles, retired to Fogaras, where he still kept up his court, although he could no longer be considered in the light of an independent ruler.'

We now come to a period of Tökölyi's career which demonstrates but too clearly the dreadful punishment which a party leader inflicts on his country by intriguing with the foreigner in order to restore himself to power. Karaffa, one of the leading officers of the Imperial troops, reported to the Emperor that there existed a vast conspiracy in Hungary, which had for its object his assassination, and that Tökölyi was at the head of it. So specious were the arguments of Karaffa, that Leopold believed that his life and authority were in jeopardy, and he unfortunately gave full power to Karaffa to punish according to the Hungarian law all those who were implicated in the said conspiracy. Karaffa at once introduced a reign of terror, and seems to have taken the most terrible vengeance, not only upon those who were supposed to have been connected with the plot, but also on all his personal enemies. Luckily for the Hungarians, the Palatine, whose loyalty no one could doubt, proved to the King that Tökölyi's intrigues had been greatly overrated; and from what we have read of this great party leader's character, we cannot for one moment entertain the idea that he countenanced the plan of assassinating the King. Tökölyi's power was at this time completely broken, for his heroic wife had been forced to surrender the fortress Munkács, and the Ilungarian Landtag had declared that

the title of King of Hungary should be hereditary in the family of Leopold, resigning the right of election and that of opposing with armed force illegal and arbitrary acts of their King. To crown the triumphs of Leopold, his eldest son Joseph, after taking the inaugural oath, was solemnly crowned King. From the year 1687 Tökölyi's military talents were of the greatest assistance to the Sultan; but the jealousy of the Turkish leaders prevented his receiving any large command, and he was chiefly employed in revictualling their strongholds and devastating the country. It is true that he once nearly subdued Transylvania, where he forced himself to be acknowledged King of the country; but the victories of Louis of Baden compelled him to retreat from his newlyacquired dominions. In 1691 he again renewed his attempt to reconquer that province, but was foiled in his object by General Veterani. The greatest victory which the Austrians and loyal Hungarians gained over the Turks was on the banks of the Theiss.

It appears that Prince Eugene surprised them as they were effecting the passage of that river. We are told that upwards of 10,000 Turks were drowned and 20,000 killed in their entrenchments It is related that Tökölyi, prior to this battle, had advised the Sultan to march upon Szegedin, which was then totally undefended, and contained a great store of provisions, but the Sultan declined to accept his advice, as also that of destroying the bridges suggested by Tökölyi in order to increase the courage of the Turks.

Unfortunately for the Austrians, their war with the French prevented them from being able to reap the fruits of this glorious victory. Tökolyi, who had been subsidised by France, was unremitting in his efforts to retrieve the disasters of the Sultan, but was totally unsuccessful. In the year 1699 peace was concluded, through the interven

tion of England and Holland, between Austria and Turkey. The Austrian Court knowing that as long as Tökölyi remained on the frontiers of Hungary, that country would be perpetually disturbed by his intrigues, demanded that he himself, and his companions should reside in the interior of the Sultan's dominions, whereupon Tökölyi, accompanied by his wife, took up his abode in the town of Nicomedia, where his health seems to have completely broken down. He died in the year 1705.

CHAPTER VIII.

GEORGE KLIMO, BISHOP OF FÜNFKIRCHEN.

THE life of George Klimo, whose name is still cherished by many Hungarians, and claims a place in the gratitude of all, exhibits a striking instance of the power of merit and virtue in elevating its possessor, even under the most unfavourable circumstances. This great man was born in 1710 at Lopessaw, in the Neutraer Comitat, of humble Hungarian peasants, who however found the means of procuring for him an education in the public schools at Tyrnau, which were then highly esteemed. George Klimo distinguished himself in his studies, and early obtained some small church preferment at Vágujhely. He became later a secretary in the archbishopric of Gran, and was subsequently appointed to a prebend at Pressburg. He remained but a short time in this office, having been soon after raised to a similar one in the chapter of Gran.

Count Emerich Esterhazy, who was at that time Primate of Hungary, knew well how to appreciate George Klimo's merit and abilities. His preferment advanced therefore with unusual rapidity. He obtained the united dignities of abbot and archdeacon, was honoured with a titular bishopric, and at the age of thirty already sat in the council of the Hungarian Government. In the year 1747 he was called to Vienna to fill an important office in the Hungarian chancelry. During four years he discharged the duties of his new situation with the greatest

honour, and received as a reward of his merit the bishopric of Fünfkirchen.' In this important station he conducted himself in a manner which secured him the heartfelt esteem of the whole diocese; and at the same time he had also to fill the office of obergespann in the two counties of Barany and Tolna, to which that of Veröcz was added in 1755. On an occasion of great difficulty, in a dispute between the magistrates of the comitats, he was called upon to act as arbitrator, and obtained great praise for the ability with which he discharged the duties of this difficult office; and at a later period of his life he was again called by the Empress Maria Theresa to assist in the council of the State. His care to promote the interest of the bishopric and encourage learning was unceasing. The noblest monument of his liberality is a public library, which he had enriched with 20,000 volumes. At a large expense he also caused many valuable manuscripts to be carefully copied, added to all an extensive collection of ancient coins, and settled a considerable fund for the maintenance and increase of the library. Besides this, he built several churches and monasteries, and most liberally endowed many institutions for education. His laborious and useful life was closed in the year 1777. The encouragement which he gave to science collected in the diocese many men who have distinguished themselves in the paths of general literature and of belles-lettres, as well as in the severer pursuits of theological inquiry.

1 Fünfkirchen is of no mean interest as connected with the ecclesiastical history and the literature of Hungary. It was erected into a bishopric by St. Stephen so early as 1009, and many of its bishops have truly been ornaments to their high stations. In the year 1364, Louis I. founded at this place an university, which was at one attended by above 2,000 students; but it was entirely destroyed after the battle of Mohács in 1526, and it was not until 1694, when the Jesuits founded a college which grew into much repute, that Fünfkirchen was again known as a place of education.