impression upon the people. But all men appeared so nauseated with blood, and so tired with those abominable spectacles, that Cromwell thought it best to pardon the rest who were condemned."

Vide also Guizot's Cromwell, p. 432; Whitelocke, p. 673; State Trials, vol. v.; Forster's Statesmen, vol. v.; Thurloe's State Papers, vol. vii.; Noble's Memoirs, vol. i.; and Godwin's History of the Commonwealth, vol. iv. HENRY G. HOPE. Freegrove Road, N.

to try and find out how and when it was first introduced. PROF. SKEAT says:

"If etymologists will in future always abstain from history of the word, especially from a chronological suggestions till they can take the pains to work out the point of view, the study would no longer be a game of chance, but would become a science."—5th S. iii. 114.

About the year 1828 Morier's Persian novels, especially Hajji Baba, gained a sudden popularity, hardly surpassed at a later period by the writings of Dickens, and the word bosh, as I well remember, was caught up and at once became popular, as did also other Persian words and several translated phrases, most of which are now forgotten. I drew attention to this fact as long ago as 1865 (3rd S. JAYDEE.

THOMAS P. WADLEY.

Naunton Rectory, Pershore. CHISWICK, CHESHUNT, CHISHALL, AND OTHER SIMILAR PLACE-NAMES (6th S. iv. 127, 356, 430). -I doubt whether MR. ARNOTT has improved upon the etymology of Chiswick, which in the reign of Henry III. is found written Chesewick. Had the name been derived from ceosel, ceosl (glarea, sabulum, arena), it would probably have corrupted to Chislwick or Chilwick. The derivation from cheese is confirmed by such names as Butterley, Butterwick, Butterworth, and the Scandinavian name Smerwick. If the name Chiswick was derived from Ches or Chis, said to be found in old documents, it might have been so called from a stream which fell into the Thames -a name which would square with the river Gesse, in Haute Garonne. When MR. ARNOTT speaks of the "Teutons" founding the wick called Chiswick, I suppose he means the "Saxons."

R. S. CHARNOCK.

"BOSH" (3rd S. viii. 106, 148; 5th S. i. 389; ii. 53, 478; iii. 75, 114, 173, 257, 378; 6th S. v. 38).--I beg to thank LLANELLY for correcting the faulty reference to The Student given in Hotten's Slang Dictionary. It was, however, quite evident that the word bosh, as the equivalent of "nonsense" or "rubbish," could not have been in use in 1750, and then have remained unknown and unused, as it certainly did remain, until our own days. Neither could the word, in its present slang sense, have originated in the manner described in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, as quoted by LLANELLY; for, even if bad butter had been sent to London from the neighbourhood of Hertogenbosch, every one familiar with Dutch knows that sch at the end of a word is not sounded like English sh, nor indeed is it so sounded in any part of the Dutch language. The way to trace out the origin of a word is not to jingle together other words of similar sound, but

THE "SEPULCHRE" IN CHURCHES (6th S. iv. 148, 333; v. 96).-Note that the brass to Dr. C. Urswick did not originally form a part of the sepulchre, which was prepared during that eminent churchman's lifetime. The effigy, which once adorned a stone lying on the pavement at the foot of the sepulchre in the old church of St. Augustine, was probably placed on the table of that elegant structure at the time when it was removed thence to the north vestibule of the modern church, viz., in 1797. The Rev. J. W. Kenworthy, late curate of Hackney, in his chapter on "The Tombs of the Ancient Church," appended to Mr. R. Simpson's privately printed Notices of the Parish Church of St. Augustine, afterwards St. John, at Hackney, 1879, p. 79, writes:

"Rector Urswick's slab is still in situ at the end of the choir and against the north wall. The brass which once was sunk into the grey marble slab has left its sharp outline. This splendid slab, now in the dust and moss, was placed in 1521 at the foot of the Easter Sepulchre tomb, prepared in 1519." ACHE.

HENRY HALLYWELL, MINISTER OF IFIELD, AND HENRY HALLYWELL, VICAR OF COWFOLD (6th S. iii. 324, 358, 436; iv. 377, 458; v. 96).Referring to MR. SAWYER'S reply (6th S. v. 96), I think there can be no doubt about there having been two Henry Hallywells, and that one succeeded the other at Ifield (6th S. iii. 325). And it appears to me almost equally certain that they were father and son. The first of the name was buried Feb. 14, 1666/7, and the second, in March, 1671/2, dates a letter from Ifield. In 1677 he is described as minister of Ifield, and, to settle the question, MR. SAWYER gives the date of his institution to the living March 1, 1666/7. H. FISHWICK.

MAGGOTY JOHNSON, FIDDLER JOHNSON, AND LORD FLAME (6th S. iv. 513, 546). This eccentric man was well known in Cheshire in his day. His remains were interred on a small hill surrounded with trees on the left hand of the road leading from Gawsworth Church to Macclesfield.

The inscription on the stone is very much worn by visitors dancing on it, and is probably at this date obliterated. I copied it in 1853. He is thus alluded to in Barlow's Cheshire Historical Sketches, p. 103, 1855 :—

"In the grounds near Gawsworth Hall is buried a man of the name of Samuel Johnson, but better known in his day as Lord Flame. His calling was that of a dancing master, to which he added those of jester, musician, poet, and player. He was a licensed visitor at all the houses in the neighbourhood, to whose amusement he no doubt often contributed. A play which he wrote, entitled Hurlothrumbo, had a lengthened run at one of the principal London theatres in the year 1722." The inscription runs as follows:

"Under this stone

rest the remains of Mr. Samuel Johnson, afterwards ennobled with the grander title of Lord Flame,

who after having been in his life distinct from other men
by the eccentricities of his genius,
chose to retain the same character after his death,
and was at his own desire buried here May 5th
A.D. MDCCLXXIII, aged 82.

Stay, thou whom chance directs or ease persuades
To seek the quiet of these sylvan shades;
'Here undisturbed, and hid from vulgar eyes,
A wit, musician, poet, player, lies;

A dancing master too, in grace he shone,
And all the arts of Op'ra were his own;
In Comedy well skilled, he drew Lord Flame,
Acted the part and gained himself the name.
Averse to strife, how oft he'd gravely say
These peaceful groves should shade his breathless clay.
That when he rose again, laid here alone,
No friend and he should quarrel for a bone;
Thinking that were some lame old gossip nigh
She possibly might take his leg or thigh."
Your correspondent asks if other instances are
known of isolated burials like this. Several, I
know, are recorded in England. The only instance
in the Isle of Man, I believe, is that of the Corrin
family, who lie buried on the south side of Peel
Hill, near to which enclosure a lofty tower is
erected, known as "Corrin's Tower," and now
laid down in the sailing charts for vessels passing
the island.
WILLIAM HARRISON.

Rock Mount, Peel, Isle of Man.

[See "N. & Q.," 1st S. v. 596; 3rd S. i. 456; and the Catalogue of Satirical Prints in the British Museum, Nos. 1834, 1869, 1902.]

"SATE" FOR "SAT" (6th S. iv. 190, 395, 477). -The following use of sate by Gray may be of interest to your correspondent JAYDEE:

"The court was sate, the culprit there,

Forth from their gloomy mansions creeping,
The lady Janes and Joans repair,

And from their gallery s'and peeping."
A Long Story, 11. 97-100.

Dryden, in his poem Alexander's Feast, has in the first stanza, "The godlike hero sate," and "Sate like a blooming Eastern bride." This usage is not uncommon in Dryden's poetry. Cf. also R. Green, Menaphon, 1589, p. 22 (Arber's repr. 1880), "Post

LIVERPOOL GENTLEMAN, &C. (6th S. iii. 148, 314, 476).-As a slightly parallel instance of this saying, let me mention that Sir Walter Scott, dedicating his Tales of My Landlord, published in 1816, to his "Loving Countrymen," speaks of them as "Men of the South, Gentlemen of the North, People of the West, and Folk of Fife." He is evidently using terms often in vogue in Scotland in his own day. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A.

Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

SECOND SIGHT: MRS. BOOTY'S TRIAL, 1687 (6th S. v. 105).—“ Owd Boody and tha Devil" is a well-known tale. I have heard it told by farmers over their pipes fifty years ago. But as they used to tell it (and firmly believe it) "Owd Boody was a villainous London baker, who used to grind men's bones up in his flour, and that was why the devil fetched him and drove him into the burning mountain. The belief that volcanoes were mouths of hell is very ancient, as will be seen from the following extracts. I am also under the impression that I have met with a similar account to "Old Booty" of a much earlier date, but at present cannot remember where:

"That hylle mount Ethna toward the southeest hath many chynnes and holowe dennes or caues within the erthe full of brymstoone / that receyueth moche wynde and engendred fyre and smoke. In that place ben seen dyuerse fygures and shapes and herde refull voys and gronynge. Therfore some men menen that soules ben there in payne / as it semeth yt Saynt Gregorye maketh mynde in his dyalogye. Gir. in top."-Polycronicon, 1527, f. 31 verso.

"Of the hill Hecla in the Ile of Iseland......the common

people of that Countrey, beleeue the sayde place to bee a part of hell, because there are diuers apparations of ghostes, that shew themelues visible, and profer their seruice to men. They appeare for the most part in the killed or drowned: callyng men by their names, and forme of those, which by vyolent aduenture haue bene bidding them goe to the Mount Hecla. In the olde time the marriners termed these Goblines, Polantines: Bartholome, his booke De Proprietatibus Rerum, 1582, vpon what occasion I finde not written."-Batman vppon f. 205.

Boston, Lincolnshire.

R. R.

"BELFRY" (6th S. v. 104).—I have only to say that I never imagined that the change of r into l in this word (which is, perhaps, the commonest of changes in all Aryan languages) originated in England. What I meant is that, whereas we had two possible forms in English, namely, berfrey and belfry, the supposed connexion with bells made the latter universal. A little research amongst Eng

"To be suspected," &c.

was first opened to the public on Jan. 15, 1859, the number of the portraits was only fifty six, half of which were donations. The number is now 645, and celebrities

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

H. SMITH.

The Records of St. Michael's Parish Church, Bishop's Stortford. Edited by J. L. Glasscock, jun. (Elliot Stock.) CHURCHWARDENS' accounts of an earlier date than 1460 are of great rarity. The few that have been published in full or in abstract have added materially to our knowledge of the life of our ancestors. It is, indeed, much to be desired that all parish documents of an earlier date than the Restoration should be carefully examined. The editing of these old papers has evidently been a labour of love to Mr. Glasscock, and he deserves great praise for the trouble which he must have taken. We wish, however, that he had given more copious notes, and that he had induced some antiquarian friend to look over those he has given before he committed them to the printing press. The four "cruetts" purchased in 1513 were almost certainly the vessels used to contain the wine and water used at mass, not receptacles for the holy oils. The grate, which is several times mentioned, we are pretty sure, was not a prison, but a grate over a pit used as a charnel-house. The earlier accounts are, of course, in Latin. The first of these is given in the original tongue, the others in a translated form. For this we are very sorry, as it much lessens their value for historical purposes. We would not wish to call in question Mr. Glasscock's capacity for the task, but inust remark that it is a kind of work which no one can do in a thoroughly satisfactory manner, and that it may be reasonably presumed that any one who wishes to consult documents of this sort will be able to read them in the original. It is our duty to notice these shortcomings, but on the whole the book is well done, and will be found most interesting by those who are curious about the village and town life of the past as it exhibited itself on its religious side. We have here evidence of a fact that has been doubted, that Easter sepulchres were sometimes of wood. The entries concerning the church ales are numerous and amusing. To our unreformed forefathers they stood in much the same stead as the "tea-drinking" did to the rural folk of twenty years ago. There are several memoranda, too, as to players. It seems certain that plays of a religious sort were performed in almost all our village churches before the changes of the sixteenth century. There is evidence, indeed, of their survival late into the reign of Elizabeth. An inventory taken in the reign of Edward VI. shows that the churchwardens possessed a dragon "made of hoopis and couered with canvas." There are few things we should enjoy more than seeing this monstrous beast, if he were still in being. He was no doubt used in a play setting forth the legend of St. George. A shriving house is more than once mentioned. This must have been a movable confessional. The volume is enriched by several other parish papers, carefully edited. There are also lists of churchwardens and overseers of the poor from an early period. Historical and Descriptive Catalogue of the National Portrait Gallery. By George Scharf, F.S.A. IT is sufficiently notorious how much of the success of the National Portrait Gallery is due to the tact and energy of Mr. George Scharf, who has been the keeper

Erle, are represented in the gallery. The value and interest of such a collection, as illustrating English history of every period, are increased beyond measure by the admirable catalogue which Mr. Scharf has now compiled. As a rule catalogues are dreary reading; but the visitor to the National Portrait Gallery is supplied which it is a pleasure to read. It is difficult to condense for one shilling with a handbook of English biography without being dry; but Mr. Scharf's lives are brief, full of matter, and yet eminently readable. He contrives to tell us just what we want to know about the artist as well as the subject of each portrait, and his biographies are as exhaustive as they are pleasantly written. To give an example, his sketch of John Speed is a model of what fallen into the mistake that Endymion Porter "died a biographical manual ought to contain; and if he has abroad in the Court of Charles II.," he can plead that he In point of fact Endymion died in London, in his own was misled by so great an authority as Sir Henry Ellis. house, "in the Strand, over against Durham House Gate," and was buried at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields on August 21, 1649.

"MONUMENTA FRANCISCANA."-Under the direction of the Master of the Rolls there will shortly be issued Vol. II.. De Adventu Minorum, &c., edited by Mr. Richard Howlett, of the Middle Temple. This volume will contain materials found, since the first volume was printed, among the MSS. of Sir Charles Isham and in various libraries.

THE forthcoming number of Mr. Walford's new Antiquarian Magazine will contain, inter alia, "The Legend of Stoke Courcy, Somerset ";"The Old Cross at Coventry"; "Sheriffs' Expenses"; "Shakespeare's Plutarch"; "The Titurel,' an Arthurian legend, by Miss J. Goddard; and an article on Southwark, by Dr. Rendle, with illustrations.

Notices to Correspondents.

SEAFORTH asks for the names of some memoirs, biographies, or reminiscences which give a faithful record of the condition of each class in rural and manufacturing Yorkshire between 1770 and 1830, particularly in the West Riding.

J. H. CRUMP ("The Pilgrimage of Princes").-See “N. & Q.,” 5th S. v. 88, 194, 277, 434.

W. FIf not previously printed, they might prove very interesting. Perhaps you will kindly supply an introduction.

C. MASON. We shall be happy to forward a prepaid letter.

F. N. R. ("German Church ").-See ante, p. 135.
G. L. F.-In due course.

W. C. B.- Fresh light has been thrown on the matter.
K. S.-See ante, p. 14

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