The ratios given in the last line of each table were obtained (a) by dividing the number of right by the number of left displacements, and (b) by dividing the average values of displacements to the right by the average values of those to the left. In the line next above the lowest, peripheral and central displacements were also treated in the manner just described. Since in, e. g., the "Right Peripheral" displacements, every displaced point was on the right and also peripheral with regard to the original impression, and a similar thing would be true of all the oblique displacements, these were used twice. "Right Peripheral" was added with "Right," and also with "Peripheral." This, of course, would make the average displacements toward the right or toward the wrist too great; but as the averages were used in the way described only in obtaining the ratios, and as nothing is claimed for these beyond a rough indication of the direction of displacement, the larger values do not appear except as involved in the ratios, and need not be misleading there. The occasional large ratios of right to left average values, particularly observable in the Table of Mr. given a little later, are not an indication of greater displacement toward the right, as may easily be seen by dividing the sum of right by the sum of left displacements. The arms indicated in the Tables are in all cases those on which the localisation was made.

(2) The subject Mr. thought from introspection that he was habitually a strong visualiser, and other work done by him in the laboratory tended to confirm this. In order to shut out the visual image of the arm in the non-visual series, he at first kept a Japanese color-scheme before him, and tried to get an image of that to persist while his eyes were closed. This proved to be a distraction; and he then left himself to the fleeting memory images which happened to be passing, ordinarily seizing upon one at the moment of localisation. He frequently fixed upon the image which was in the forefront of consciousness as his hand was going down in the act of localisation. (It may be noted here that the other subjects thought that when the charcoal point touched the arm the visual image of the part stimulated tended to arise in the mind; but Mr. did not notice this tendency, nor was the image of the arm, as in the case of Py. and Ph., superposed upon what he was voluntarily visualising.) The results obtained from him show very little difference of average displacement between the non-visual and the visual series with the eyes closed. With open eyes, the average displacements are somewhat smaller. It seems probable that Mr. visualised with practically the same degree of vividness in

both the normal and visual series; that he was not as well able as he thought he was to shut out the visual image in the non-visual series; and that in the series with the eyes open the visualising tendency was strongest. The results obtained from him are given in Table II.

(3) The subject Ph. substituted another visual image in order to shut out the image of the arm, generally selecting some centrally excited image which harmonised best with the mood of the moment, and fixating that when the signal for the experiment was given. In the intervals between the experiments the attention was turned away from anything connected with the work, and not recalled until the signal was given. Frequently, when there was a very strong tendency to visualise the arm area operated upon, the outer surface of the cheek or the upper surface of the foot was substituted and the impression to be localised was seen on that. The subject was in the habit of voluntarily calling up visual images of colored expanses, and these were frequently seized upon at the moment of localisation. The contact of the charcoal point tended very strongly to arouse the visual image of the area touched, and sometimes, in spite of efforts to the contrary, this image was superposed upon that voluntarily fixated. There were a considerable number of experiments in which the subject was conscious of involuntary visualisation from this sudden superposition or interposition of the image, but the results of those experiments showed no diminution in the amount of displacement. Introspection showed that the intrusion of the visual image of the arm generally took place either simultaneously with the movement necessary for localisation or during the sweep of the arm toward the point touched. This would probably indicate that visualisation took place too late to affect the estimation of the movement. In this case, as in that of the other subjects, no connection could be established between the amount of displacement and the distance above the arm at which the subject usually paused in the act of localisation. See Table III.

(4) The subject Mn. made no visual substitution for the arm area. He thought from introspection that he did not visualise at all, but that he localised in terms of movement, shutting out all visualisation with reference to the touch of the charcoal point. It would seem from his introspection that he was able to separate entirely the visual from the organic factor; and the greater amount of displacement in his non-visual series as well as the much smaller displacement in his series with open eyes harmonise with this, and suggest the theory given hereafter of the influence of the purely visual factor. The results will be found in Table IV.