PREFATORY NOTE TO VOLUME IV.

THE Fourth Volume of this American Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica corresponds in alphabetical range nearly to the Volumes XIII. to XIX. of the original work. It will thus be seen that the Editors of the Supplement have maintained a due proportion between these two important works of reference. They have felt and freely acknowledge that in many respects and in many departments the Britannica needs no addition. In general history and theoretical science it presents the latest and most authoritative views. But in regard to many historical and practical subjects of the highest interest to Americans the Britannica is seriously deficient. Such deficiencies, wherever discovered, it has been the constant aim of the Editors in this as in former volumes to remedy and supply. For this purpose they have freely called to their aid those known to be authorities in their several departments.

This Volume will be found to contain information in regard to the industrial interests of the United States under Iron, Leather, Lumber, Manufactures, Metals, Metallurgy, Mining, Petroleum and other topics. The operations of the General Government are treated under Mint, Navy, Pension System, Postal Service, and similar heads. American history and biography have received especial attention; and while many biographical notices are brief, subjects of importance have been treated at sufficient length to do them justice.

In the discussion of Biblical topics the same plan has been pursued as in former volumes. American scholars of acknowledged eminence have examined the presentation of these subjects in the Britannica and have here given their judgment. Attention may be called to the articles on Israel, New Testament, and Pentateuch, as showing the conclusions of these American divines.

The list of contributors will show also that on a wide range of other subjects valuable information has been gathered in the present volume. Many of these contributors have been connected with the work from its inception and their merits are known to the readers of former volumes.

The Publishers and Editors trust that the present volume will meet the generous approval which has been bestowed upon the former part of the work.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SUPPLEMENT

VOLUME IV.

This list embraces the names of those contributors whose names are signed (by their initials) to articles in the present volume.

Where two or more contributors have the same initials, a distinction has been made in printing them, which will enable the reader to assign to each his own work.

The writers whose names are marked with an asterisk (*) have exercised more or less editorial supervision in their respective departments.

HOWARD CROSBY, D. D., LL. D., Editor-in-Chief.
Prof. JOHN P. LAMBERTON, A. M., Associate Editor.

H: G. ADAM, Editor Oil, Drug and Paint Review, New York. JULIUS CHAMBERS, New York.
Oils,

Petroleum.

Pigments.

Journalism,

Lobby,

Rev. GEORGE W. ANDERSON, D. D., Editor American Bap- Col. JAMES A. COLVIN, New York. tist Publication Society, Philadelphia.

Missions, American Protestant.

Prof. N. L. ANDREWS, Hamilton, N. Y.

Madison University.

Hon. JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D., President Michigan
University, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Michigan, University of.

Paper.

ANTHONY COMSTOCK, New York.

Lotteries.

Mugwump.

THOMAS M. COOLEY, LL. D., formerly Chief-Justice Supreme
Court of Michigan.

Libel.

WILLIAM B. ATKINSON, M. D., Secretary American Medi- ELLIOTT COUES, M. D., National Museum, Washington, D. C. cal Association, Philadelphia.

Obstetrics.

Hon. CHARLES H. BELL, Exeter, N. H.

New Hampshire.

JOHN BIRKINBINE, M. E., Philadelphia.

Iron.

LORIN BLODGET, Editor Industrial Review, Philadelphia.

Manufactures.

Prof. ALBERT S. BOLLES, Editor Banker's Magazine, New
York.

Money.

Justice JOSEPH P. BRADI.EY, LL. D., U. S. Supreme Hon. JOHN M. DOANE, State Librarian, Columbus, Ohio. Court, Washington, D. C.

Rev. T.A. K. GESSLER, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Materialism.

Rev. H. M. MCCRACKEN, D. D., New York.
University of the City of New York.

DANIEL C. GILMAN, LL. D., President Johns Hopkins FREDERIC G. MATHER, Albany, N. Y.
University, Baltimore, Md.

Johns Hopkins University.

New York,

Ontario, Lake.
Opium,

Political Conventions.

New York City,
Niagara,

W. N. HAILMAN, State Superintendent of Schools, La JOSEPH C. MOORE, San Francisco.
Porte, Indiana.

Kindergarten.

Nevada,

Oregon.

S. S. HERRICK, M. D., Secretary Board of Health, New JOHN T. NAPIER, Associate Editor, The Sunday-School Orleans, La.

Times, Philadelphia.

Rev. LUCIUS E. SMITH, D. D., Editor of The Watchman, FRANK WEITENKAMPF ("Frank Linstow White"), Astor Boston, Mass.

Library, New York,

Prof. ROBERT ELLIS THOMPSON, Ph. D., D. D., University Col. GEORGE W. WILLIAMS, Worcester, Mass. of Pennsylvania.

Negro in America.

WILLIAM C. WINLOCK, U. S. Naval Observatory, Wash. ington, D. C.

Observatories.

HORATIO C. WOOD, M. D., University of Pennsylvania.

Poisons.

CARROLL D. WRIGHT, U. S. Commissioner of Labor, Wash ington.

Labor.

GEORGE H. YEAMAN, New York,

Insanity, Legal Aspects of