American statesman, was born at Philadelphia, Oct. 3, 1782, being the son of Judge Jared Ingersoll. He received a collegiate education, studied law, and became an attaché of Rufus King, U. S. minister to France. On his return he published Chiomara, a poem (1800); Edwy and Elgiva, a tragedy (1801); and Inchiquin the Jesuit's Letters, a political satire (1810). He became a member of Congress in 1813, was a supporter of the war then in progress, and declared "free ships make free goods. He was U. S. district attorney for Pennsylvania, 1815-25. In 1837 he was a member of the Pennsylvania constitutional convention, and he served again in Congress from 1841 to 1847, being a Democratic leader. When appointed by President Polk minister to France, the Senate refused to confirm him. He died at Philadelphia, Jan. 14, 1862. His most important work is a Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States and Great Britain (4 vols., 1845-52).

INGERSOLL, JARED (1749-1822), an American statesman, was born in Connecticut in 1749. His father, bearing the same name, went to England in 1757, as commissioner for that colony, and in 1765 returned as stampmaster-general for New England. Within six weeks he was compelled by the citizens to resign. In 1770 he was appointed admiralty judge for Pennsylvania, and removed to Philadelphia. The son graduated at Yale College in 1766, and studied law in London. He then spent a year and a half in Paris, and returned to Philadelphia, where he gained high rank in his profession. He was a member of Congress 1780-81, and in 1787 was a delegate to the convention which framed the Constitution of the United States. He was twice attorney-general of Pennsylvania, and for a short time U. S. district attorney. In 1812 he was an unsuccessful candidate for vice-president on the ticket with DeWitt Clinton. He was afterwards president judge of the district court of Philadelphia. He died at Philadelphia, Oct. 31,

1822.

INGERSOLL, JOSEPH REED (1786-1868), an American statesman, son of the preceding, was born at Philadelphia, June 14, 1786. He graduated at Princeton College in 1804, and practised law in Philadelphia. He served in Congress, 1835-37, and again, 1841-48, acting with the Whigs. In 1850-53 he was U. S. minister to England. He published a Memoir of Samuel Breck (1863), and Secession a Folly and a Crime. He died at Philadelphia, Feb. 20, 1868.

INGERSOLL, ROBERT G., an American lawyer and orator, was born at Dresden, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1833. His father was a Congregational minister, whose liberal views caused dissension among his flock, which in turn gave his sons an aversion to religion. The family moved from place to place, chiefly in Wisconsin and Illinois. Robert and his brother Eben studied law and began practice at Shawneetown, Ill., but in 1857 removed to Peoria. They took part in political discussions, and in 1860 Robert was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress. In 1862 he became colonel of the Eleventh Illinois cavalry, and in 1864 he became a Republican. In 1866 he was appointed attorney-general of Illinois. He has become noted by his public lectures in opposition to Christianity, and to the belief in God and immortality. These lectures have also been published and widely circulated.

INGLEBY, CLEMENT MANSFIELD, an English critic, was born at Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Oct. 29, 1823. He graduated with mathematical honors in 1847, and was professor of logic and metaphysics at the Midland Institute from 1855 to 1858. He was made foreign secretary to the Royal Society of Literature in 1870, and afterwards vice-president. He has written several works on Shakespeare, among which are A Complete View of the Shakespeare Controversy (1861); Shakespeare Hermeneutics (1875); and Shakes peare, the Man and the Book (1877). His other works include Outlines of Theoretical Logic (1856), and An Introduction to Metaphysics (1869).

INGRAHAM, DUNCAN NATHANIEL (1802-1863), an American naval officer, was born at Charleston, S. C., Dec. 6, 1802. Entering the navy as midshipman in 1812, he became a captain in September, 1855, after being somewhat noted for his conduct in the Koszta affair in July, 1853. Koszta, a Hungarian refugee, who had declared at New York his intention of becoming an American citizen, was seized at Smyrna by the Austrian consul, but Ingraham, then commanding the sloop-ofwar St. Louis, compelled the consul to give Koszta up. Congress, in August, 1854, to show its approval of Ingraham's conduct, voted him thanks and a medal. In March, 1856, he was appointed chief of the bureau of ordnance and hydrography in the navy department. In consequence of the secession of his native State he resigned his post, Feb. 4, 1861, and entering the Confederate service was made chief of ordnance, construction, and repair. He died at Charleston, June 10, 1863.

INMAN, HENRY (1801-1846), an American painter, was born at Utica, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1801. He early manifested a taste for art, and having received instruction from J. W. Jarvis devoted himself to miniature and portrait painting at Boston. He removed to Philadelphia in 1832, and afterwards to Mount Holly, N. J., and to New York. Beside many excellent portraits he executed landscapes and genre paintings. In 1844 he visited Great Britain, and painted portraits of Macaulay, Chalmers, and other distinguished men. He died at New York, Jan. 17, 1846. His portraits include Bishops White and McIlvaine, Chief-Justice Marshall, De Witt Clinton, Martin Van Buren, Jacob Barker, and William H. Seward. His son, JOHN O'BRIEN INMAN, after painting portraits in the West with success, opened a studio in New York, and went to Rome in 1866. He has painted flower-pieces, land. scapes, and genre pictures.

INNESS, GEORGE, an American painter, was born at Newburg, N. Y., May 1, 1825. He studied engraving in New York, but in 1846 began to practise as a landscape painter at Englewood, N. J. He has made several visits to Italy for observation and study, and resided there from 1871 to 1875. Among his works are Light Triumphant, Summer Afternoon, American Sunset, Joy after the Storm, Washing-day near Perugia, The After-glow, St. Peter's, Rome, from the Tiber. His pictures show the influence of Théodore Rousseau, but he is not an imitator of any one. of his landscapes rank among the best produced by any American artist. He is highly imaginative and impulsive, yet true to nature. His son, GEORGE INNESS, JR., has devoted himself to animal painting, and has exhibited at the National Academy with success since

1877.

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