BIOGRAPHY.

AZUNI, DOMENICO ALBERTO. Italian jurisconsult; born in 1760; died in 1827; pursued the study of commercial and maritime law at the University of Turin. Among the works of Azuni are: Droit maritime de l'Europe, 1805; Origine du droit et de la législation maritime, 1810; Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des voyages maritimes des anciens navigateurs de Marseille, 1813, and Système universel des armements en course et des corsaires en temps de guerre, 1817.

BARCLAY, SIR THOMAS. Barrister; born 1853; senior vice president of the Institute of International Law; vice president of the International Law Association; member of the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence of Spain; examiner in jurisprudence and international public and private law at the University of Oxford. Among the most important of his works are the following: Problems of International Practice and Diplomacy, 1907; The Turco-Italian War and its Problems, 1912; Companies in France, 2d ed., 1899, and articles on international law in the Encyclopedia of the Law of England, the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 ed., and the Law and Usage of War, 1914.

BLUNTSCHLI, JOHANN KASPAR. German jurist and politician; born in 1808; died in 1881; founder, member, and president (1875-77) of the Institute of International Law; professor of law in the University of Zürich; of German and international law at Munich and of political science and jurisprudence at Heidelberg. In 1861 he presided over the International Congress of Jurists in Dresden and was the German representative at the Brussels conference on the laws of war. Bluntschli is generally considered one of the greatest Eu

ropean authorities on international law. His works include: Le Droit Inter- . national Codifié, 5th rev. ed., 1895; Geschichte des allgemeinen Rechts, 1864; Das moderne Kriegesrecht, 1866; Das moderne Völkerrecht, 1868, and Die Lehre vom Staat, 1875.

BONFILS, HENRI JOSEPH FRANÇOIS XAVIER. French jurisconsult; born in 1835; died in 1897; professor of commercial law at the University of Toulouse, at which institution he was also the dean of the law faculty in 1879. Besides Manuel de droit international public, which has gone through seven editions (seventh edition, Paris, 1914) and is considered in France a standard authority on international law, Traité élémentaire d'organisation judiciaire, de compétence et de procédure, 1885, is a work well worthy of mention.

BOUCHER, P. B. Boucher lived at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century; he was a French jurisconsult and professor of commercial and maritime law. Among his works may be mentioned: Institution au Droit Maritime, 1803; Consulat de la mer, ou Pandectes du droit commercial et maritime, 1808; Institutions commerciales, traitant de la jurisprudence marchande et des usages de négoce, 1801; Les principes du droit civil proprement dit et du droit commercial comparés, 1804, and Traité de la Procédure civile et des formalités des tribunaux de commerce, 1808.

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VAN BYNKERSHOEK, CORNELIUS. A Dutch jurist; born in 1673; died in 1743. He pursued his legal studies at the University of Franeker and practiced as an advocate at The Hague. In his capacity of member and of president of the supreme court he found that the common law of his country was very defective, and he resolved upon a reform. With this end in view, he published various works on civil law, the most important of which was the Observationes Juris Romani. The most famous of his works on international law, which acquired wide celebrity, are De Dominio Maris, 1703, and Quaestiones Juris Publici, 1737. A complete edition of his works was published at Geneva in 1761.

CALVO, CARLOS. Argentinian publicist and diplomat; born in 1824; died in 1906; member of the Institute of International Law. Mr. Calvo entered the consular service of his country at an early date, and later was Argentinian minister at Berlin and Paris. He therefore was familiar with the theory and practice of international law. His most important works are: (1) El derecho internacional teórico y prático de Europa y América, Paris, 1868, 2 vols. It was also expanded and published in French under the title, Le Droit international théorique et pratique, the fifth edition of which appeared in 1896 in six volumes. (2) Dictionnaire de droit international, 1885, 2 vols. This work covers the field of international law, public and private, in the form of brief articles, arranged alphabetically under appropriate headings, and is especially valuable for the biographical notices of the various publicists who have treated international law. Mr. Calvo is regarded as the leading Spanish writer on international law, and as a Latin American by origin his various treaties have a peculiar value as a statement of the Latin American theory and practice as well as the system of international law as understood and applied in Europe.

CARNAZZA-AMARI, GIUSEPPE. Italian publicist, born in 1837; died in 1911; member of the Institute of International Law; professor at the University of Catania. The writer has published many works, notably on nonintervention and blocade, among which may be mentioned Del blocco marittimo, 1897; Elementi di diritto internazionale, 1866-1874; and Trattato sul diritto internazionale publico di pace, second edition, 1875, of which a French translation (Traité de droit international public en temps de paix) was published in Paris in 1880-1882 by Montanari-Revest.

CAUCHY, EUGÈNE. French publicist; born in 1802; died in 1877; member of the Institute of France (Académie des sciences morales et politiques) and of the Institute of International Law. The author was especially devoted to the study of maritime law, and his work, Le droit maritime international (Paris, 1862), which was awarded a prize from the Académie des sciences, is one of the best and most complete books on the subject ever published. The Respect de la propriété, privée dans la guerre maritime, published in Paris in 1866, had its origin in the controversies between England and America of that year. CKEASY, SIR EDWARD SHEPHERD. English historian; born in 1812; died in 1878. In 1840 he was appointed professor of modern and ancient history at the University of London, and in 1860 Chief Justice of Ceylon. He is most widely known for his Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, which, first published in 1851, has passed through many editions. His other works, not so popular but in many cases of almost equal merit, include an Historical and Critical Account of the Several Invasions of England, 1852; History of the Ottoman Turks, 1854-56; Imperial and Colonial Constitutions of the British Empire, 1872, and First Platform of International Law, 1874.

CUSSY, FERDINAND BARON DE. French publicist; born in 1795; died in 1866. He became successively secretary of the Legation, subdirector to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and consul general at Palermo. De Cussy has published in collaboration with Karl von Martens, Recueil manuel et pratique de traités, conventions et autres actes diplomatiques, Leipzig (5 vols.), and in collaboration with A. d'Hauterive, Recueil des traités de commerce et de navigation de la France avec les puissances étrangères depuis la paix de Westphalie, Paris 1834-1844 (10 vols.). His Phases et causes célèbres du droit maritime des nations (Leipzig, 1856), has attained considerable authority in maritime international law.

DANA, RICHARD HENRY. An American author; born in 1815; died in 1882; graduate of Harvard; studied law and attained eminence in practice; prosecuted his studies on international law in Europe. He wrote Two Years Before the Mast in 1840, and The Seaman's Friend in 1841. The latter was reprinted in England as The Seaman's Manual. He contributed to legal journals and to the North American Review; wrote To Cuba and Back, 1859, and edited Wheaton's International Law, 1866.

DESPAGNET, FRANTZ CLÉMENT RENÉ. French publicist; born in 1857; died in 1906; member of the Institute of International Law; professor of international law at the University of Bordeaux. His works include: La diplomatie de la troisième république et de droit des gens, 1904; La guerre sud-africaine au point de vue du droit international, 1902; Précis de droit international privé, fifth revised and augumented edition, 1909; and Cours de Droit International Public, fourth edition, 1910.

FIORE, PASQUALE. An Italian jurist; born in 1837; died in 1914; member of the Institute of International Law; professor of constitutional and international law at the Universities of Urbino, Pisa, Turin, and Naples. He wrote the following works, some of which have been translated into French and Spanish; Elementi di diritto constituzionale, 1862; Trattato di diritto internazionale publico, 1879; and Trattato di diritto internazionale penale and Diritto internazionale privato, 1901. Also Il Diritto internazionale codificato e la sua sanzione guiridica, of which the fifth edition has been translated into English by Edwin M. Borchard, under the title: International Law Codified and Its Legal Sanction, or The Legal Organization of the Society of States (New York, 1918).

GROTIUS, HUGO. A distinguished Dutch jurist, scholar, and statesman; born in 1583; died in 1645. He entered the University of Leyden at twelve years of age and conducted his first case at the bar as early as 1599; was appointed fiscal general in 1607 and council pensionary at Rotterdam in 1613. In 1719, as a result of political activities, he was sentenced to imprisonment for life, but escaped and fled to France, where he wrote his famous De jure belli ac pacis (Amsterdam, 1625). This work, which may be considered the very basis of all international law, has run through a great many editions. A photographic reproduction of the 1646 edition appears in the Classics of International Law (Washington, D. C., 1913). Other notable publications are: De jure praedae (written about 1604-5 but first published in 1868) Mare liberum (1608); and Annales et historiae de rebus belgicis (1657).

HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD. British publicist and member of the Institute of International Law; born in 1835; died in 1894. Mr. Hall is known in international law for his Rights and Duties of Neutrals, 1874, and especially for his masterly Treatise on International Law, first published in 1880. The latter work has run through six editions, and has been regarded as an authority-indeed, a classic-from the date of its first appearance, in 1880. HALLECK, HENRY WAGER. American general and jurist; born in 1815; died in 1872; secretary of state for California under the military government; member of the committee which drafted the State Constitution of California; 1862-1864 General in Chief of the Armies of the United States; 1865 Chief of Staff of the Army. Besides International Law (fourth edition, London, 1908), his writings include the following: Military Art and Science, 1846; Mining Laws of Spain and Mexico, 1859; and Treatise on International Law and the Laws of War, prepared for the use of Schools and Colleges. He translated Jomini's Vie politique et militaire de Napoléon, 1864, and de Fooz's On the Law of Mines, 1860. The works on international law mentioned above entitle General Halleck to be considered as one of the great jurists of the 19th century.

HAUTEFEUILLE, LAURENT BASILE. French jurist; born in 1805; died in 1875; member of the Institute of International Law. His works, which are considered authoritative on maritime international law, include: Des droits et des devoirs des nations neutres en temps de guerre maritime, third edition, 1868; Histoire des origines, des progrès et des variations du droit maritime international, second edition, 1869; Questions de droit maritime international, 1862, and Le principe de non-intervention et ses applications, 1863.

KENT, JAMES. An eminent American jurist; born in 1763; died in 1847; professor of law in Columbia College; justice of the State Supreme Court; was promoted to chief justice in 1804, and to the position of chancellor in 1814. He has won a high reputation both as common law and equity judge, and his judicial opinions are still regarded as valuable and authoritative expositions of legal and equitable principles. His famous Commentaries upon American Law is a compilation of lectures which were delivered at Columbia. They have passed through fourteen editions (fourteenth edition, Boston, 1896) and continue to rank as a legal classic.

KLÜBER, JOHANN LUDWIG. German publicist; born 1762; died 1837; professor of law at the Universities of Erlangen and Heidelberg; held high positions in the Government service at Karlsruhe and attended the Congress of Vienna, collecting the Acten des Wiener Kongresses in den Jahren 1814 und 1815. Later he was appointed privy councilor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, attended the Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818, and took part in other important political negotiations. Among his publications may be mentioned Oeffentliches Recht des Deutschen Bundes und der Bundesstaaten, 1822, and Le droit des gens moderne de l'Europe, second edition, 1874, of which the latter is far the most important.

DE LAPRADELLE, ALBERT GEOUFFRE. French contemporary publicist; born in 1871; member of the Institute of International Law; professor of international law. The author has become an authority on this subject and, as a contributor to and joint editor of some of the leading international law periodicals, is one of the foremost writers in France. Among his works may