opment, from the crudest savages to civilized peoples,the nearest racial relatives of the Manchu are very crude Siberian tribes. One branch at least of this race, the Chinese, has had a long history of achievement behind it, and the Japanese have certainly attained a high degree of civilization. Giles, in his Civilization of China, writes, "If we go back to the fifteenth century, we shall find that the standard of civilization, as the term is usually understood, was still much higher in China than in Europe; while Marco Polo, the famous Venetian traveller of the thirteenth century, who actually lived twenty-four years in China, and served as an official under Kublai Khan, has left it on record that the magnificence of Chinese cities and the splendor of the Chinese court, outrivaled anything he had ever seen or heard of." 21

The diversity of the Mongoloid peoples as regards culture is seen in that branch found in America, the American Indian. The difference in accomplishment between many of the Brazilian tribes and the Mayas and Aztecs, both belonging to the same race, are certainly as great as that between many of the Negro tribes in Africa and certain white peoples a few centuries ago. Considering, therefore, the White and Mongolian branches of mankind, we find the greatest range of cultures among them at different times in their histories and also different grades of culture existing simultaneously in the same division. One can say, therefore, that there can be little direct "proportional relation" between race and culture. A race does not change its inherent mental make-up every time a culture advances or retreats.

Finally the Negro and his culture: The strongest argument in favor of inherent differences in the three primary groups along intellectual and cultural lines is found right here. The Negro as a race has not built up great civilizations in any way comparable to those created by the other two great branches of mankind. The Negro failed almost completely to avail himself of the influences of Egypt and the Mediterranean area in general. In respect to certain technological processes the Negro excels. The smelting of iron, for example, was carried out in all probability in Negro Africa before it appeared in Europe. The cultures of Benin and Mashonaland stand out above the general level. Trial by jury was an invention of the Negro. The relation between opportunity and achievement in this connection can explain away only a part of this absence from Negro Africa and Melanesia of cultures worthy of a place among the great civilizations of the world.

There is a great deal written regarding race psychology. As far as I know there has never been any special attempt made to divide the races on the physical side and study each division along purely psychological lines. There is no such thing as racial psychology in the strict scientific sense. Practically the only thing that has been done is an attempt to study various racial factors in our civilization by means of the so-called intelligence tests. This is the age of intelligence-testing. The layman does not hesitate to apply it at all times and in all places: parents try it on their children, usually with results gratifying to their pride. If applied in the experienced hands of a psychologist it does seem to be an aid in separating the superior and inferior individuals.

It is still a debatable question how far the result can be interpreted as indicative of innate ability, and how far the result reflects the social background of the individual tested. The cultural environment, education in the broadest sense of the term, is certainly a factor in the outcome.

The published results of the mental examinations used in the United States Army at the time of the World War have proved "source material" for observations by many varieties of scientific and unscientific investigators.

For the problem here, the results of these tests upon men of various races and of various nationalities are worthy of notice, although, as already pointed out, there is no means of knowing from the tests themselves what factors in the results are due to inherent endowment and what to environment. Variation in the ability to use the English language must certainly have played some part in the results.

The examinations were rated with letters from A to E. The Alpha test was for literates, the Beta test for illiterates. Kroeber has made an analysis of the results of the examinations, and his figures are presented here, together with certain factors which he has "analyzed out." 22 He gives comprehensively the results in percentages of individuals in each group,-those below the middle grade of C, those with C, and those above C.

As Kroeber comments, "These figures at face value seem to show deep group differences in intelligence." The Englishman ranks higher than the drafted white man as a whole, but this is to be "complacently explained by saying that the English represent in comparative purity the Anglo-Saxon or Nordic stock which is also the dominant strain among Americans, but which has been somewhat contaminated in their case by the immigration of Latins and Slavs, who rate much lower, as shown by the Italians and Poles tested." Lowest of all is the Negro. "But there is one feature that raises suspicion. The Italians and the Poles are too close to the Negroes. They stand much nearer to them in intelligence, according to these figures, than they do to the white Americans. Can this. . . . have racial significance? Are these Mediterraneans, descendants of the Romans, and these Alpines ... only a grade superior to the Negro? 'Something must be wrong' with the figures: that is, they contain another factor besides race." Length of residence in the country, the ability to use English, and the social background, are all factors to be taken into consideration. It should also be noted that the foreigners from Southern Europe are a selected group which is most probably inferior both innately and culturally. They are "samples" of the lower orders whereas North European immigration more fairly represents the home population as a whole.

The difference in grades between the northern and southern Negro is shown next.

The northern Negro, with surroundings far more like those of the whites among whom he lives, far surpasses the southern Negro. He gets ten times as high a proportion of individuals into the above-C grades, and only about half as many in the below-C grades. This, I think, may be partially accounted for by the improved social surroundings and educational facilities, larger opportunities and a partial loss of the color-line. East and others explain this better showing of the northern Negro as due to the fact that those who came north were the more ambitious and those with relatively higher intelligence. It should also be noted that the northern Negroes are more largely mulattoes than the southern Negroes. Does the admixture of white blood give a greater intelligence in and of itself? There is, at present, no proof of this. Social environment must certainly explain some of the difference between the northern and southern Negroes.

The results of the Beta test are next to be considered. This was given to men who could not write an intelligible letter or read a newspaper, or who had had only half, or less, of the ordinary grammar-school education, together with aliens whose knowledge of English was imperfect.