as he increased in action, till the audience were spell-bound, and he could sway them with a look or a movement of his finger, for he was eloquent with his hands also, which he made to speak a language understood by most of his hearers. He also used with much effect the folds of a large black cloak, which he spread abroad or wound about him. Now he poured forth a torrent of scorn and indignation; then he would allow his voice to drop, as he described in solemn tones some of the most harrowing and blood-curdling of the tortures inflicted by the Inquisition, causing his hearers to hold their breath for fear of losing a word, till the sentence ended, when a sigh of relief went round the room, while tears ran down the cheeks of strong men. That is how I saw Gavazzi. He had a slightly foreign accent, which was rather pleasant than otherwise. The room (the largest in the town) was crowded, and his reception was most enthusiastic. I have seen and heard many great actors, many fashionable preachers, orthodox and otherwise, many great political spouters, but Father Gavazzi surpassed them all. Surely to call any one "ugly" is a poor style Boston, Lincolnshire. How plain folks roll'd their gogglers! Did four-fifths of the vowels Congregate in the bowels Of a syllable single; Even yet, how to mingle Portland, Oregon. RICHARD H. THORNTON. So far the preponderance of the evidence seems to be rather in favour of a guttural than of a sibilant pronunciation. Cannot some indication of Byron's own views on the subject be gathered by experts from the following stanzas in canto vi. of 'Don Juan'?— "Besides, I hate to sleep alone," quoth she. "FIGHTING LIKE DEVILS," &c. (8th S. x. 273, 340, 404).—With reference to the suggestion that Charles Lever was the author of the ballad containing these words, may I remark that from the days of 'Lilliburlero,' a famous song (said to have been composed by Lord Wharton), that contributed towards the revolution of 1688, a war of ballads raged between the rival races and political parties in Ireland? The Wearing of the Green' was answered by 'Croppies lie down,' and 'The Shan van Voght' by 'Protestant Boys,' &c.; and both sexes followed the occupation of singing ballads in the streets. Dublin was famous for its singers in this line. Goldsmith, when a sizar, poor and miserable, wrote-and was, indeed, glad to sell-ballads. There is an illustration of him, The matron frown'd: "Why so?" "For fear of leaning against a lamp-post, listening to one of ghosts," Replied Katinka: "I am sure I see A phantom upon each of the four posts: The four G's (to the eye at all events) suggests alliteration, and as the first and last G are unques them being sung by an old woman, in Forster's O may she still new Favours grant Then shall we see next New Year's Ode use he made of ballads and ballad-singers. Lever, commendatory verses at the end of the brochure however, ran the risk of punishment, on account" on his late Preferment by Her Majesty," conof the manner in which he referred to popular cluding thus :— persons. On one occasion he went the length of singing in one of the most frequented streets in Dublin a political song of his own composition. Of course there was a row; but a party of fellow students were at hand to rescue the singer and carry him off in triumph. I therefore think there cannot be any doubt as to the authorship of― Och! Dublin city, there is no doubtin', Bates every city upon the say; 'Tis there you'd hear O'Connell spoutin', An' Lady Morgan makin' tay. For 'tis the capital o' the finest nation, Wid charming pisintry upon a fruithful sod, Fightin' like divils for conciliation, An' hatin' each other for the love of God no more than there is about the name of the person who wrote Mister Mickey Free's Lament' when he was sailing away from his beloved native land Then, fare ye well, ould Erin dear, To part-my heart does ache well; And, though to foreign parts we 're bound, Of poteen and potatoes, When good St. Patrick banished frogs And toads for mountain mutton. STEPHEN DUCK (8th S. x. 476).-I have a small volume of thirty-two pages, the title-page of which runs thus: "Poems on Several Subjects: Written by Stephen Duck, Some time a poor Thresher in a Barn in the County of Wilts, at the Wages of Four Shillings and Six Pence per Week. Which were publickly Read by the Right Honourable Thomas Earl of Macclesfield, in the Drawing Room at Windsor Castle, on Friday the 11th of September, 1730, to Her Majesty. Who was thereupon most graciously pleased to take the author into Her Royal Protection, by ordering him an apartment at Kew, near Richmond, in Surrey, to live in; and a salary of Thirty Pounds per Annum, for his better support and maintenance." This is dated 1731, is the eighth edition, and was to be sold by T. Astley, at the "Rose," in St. Paul's Churchyard, for sixpence. A curious frontispiece shows the author standing at a barn door, holding in his right hand the poems of Milton, and in his left a flail. A table, on which are books, pens, ink, and paper, stands in front of him, whilst around are the somewhat incon By far the last outshine. As Colley Cibber was then the Laureate, it is "JOLLY" USED ABVERBIALLY (8th S. x. 233, 343). The following early instance of "jolly" used as an intensive adjective may be of interest; from J. Ferne's 'Glorie of Generositie' (1586), P. 10:— "I haue heard it receiued as good pollicie with wisemen, to match their sonnes, as it might be with a vsurers daughter, of the city by vs: for the increase of their patrimony. A iolly helpe it is, when as a noble Gentleman, through a liberall mind, hath something shortned his reuenewes, to inlarge the same, by the plentifulnes of their bagges." Park Square, Leeds. BERNARD P. SCATTERGOOD. LINES ON OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE (8th S. x. 496). After the death, in 1714, of Dr. John Moore, successively Bishop of Norwich and Ely, his library of thirty thousand volumes was bought by George I., and presented by him to the University of Cambridge. At about the same time the attempt of the Old Pretender to recover the throne met with so much sympathy at Oxford that it was thought necessary to send a force of cavalry there to overawe the University. In connexion with these two events, Dr. Joseph Trapp, Professor of Poetry in 1708, afterwards chaplain to Lord Bolingbroke, and rector of Harlington, Middlesex, and author of 'Prælectiones Poetice' and of a Latin version of 'Paradise Lost,' wrote the following epigram : Our gracious Monarch viewed with equal eye Troops he to Oxford sent, well knowing why, But books to Cambridge sent, as well discerning A somewhat different version has been ascribed to Thomas Warton the elder, who was also Professor of Poetry at Oxford and the father of Joseph Warton, Head Master of Winchester, and of Thomas Warton the younger, the historian of English poetry :— Our royal master saw with heedful eyes To the other books he gave, as well discerning BREVE AND CROTCHET (8th S. x. 496).—In the Appendix to my 'Dictionary,' second edition, p. 797, I give for crotchet the references, Catholicum Anglicum, p. 83; Towneley Mysteries, 116." I presume that the latter reference is the very one to which E. S. A. alludes. 66 My "earliest examples" were only such as my These lines are given as follows in English Epigrams,' by W. Davenport Adams (p. 107):-industry could collect for myself. The New On a Regiment sent to Oxford, and a Present of Books The King, observing with judicious eyes To Oxford sent a troop of horse; and why? Dr. Joseph Trapp (1679-1747). The King to Oxford sent a troop of horse, English Dictionary' very frequently has earlier MOTTO (8th S. x. 455).-"A Passage perillus Sir William Browne. I believe the correct rendering_of the lines to which your correspondent SIR PATRICK MAXWELL refers are as follows : Lines sent from Oxford to Cambridge. To Oxford marched a troop of horse; for why? To Cambridge he sent books, full well discerning, The King to Oxford marched a troop of horse, The king in question was William III. It is a AEROLITES (8th S. x. 50, 125).-In Symons's Meteorological Magazine for February, 1896, p. 11, referring to a report by Reuter's Agency of the Explosion of a Meteorite over Madrid,' on Monday, 10 Feb., the editor thus writes : "We notice that Reuter's Agency calls it an 'aerolite.' Kelvinside, Glasgow. This motto is inscribed on the wall of a prison in the Tower of London, above_the_signature Arthur Poole, A. 1568." Arthur Poole (the great-grandson of George, Duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV.) was in 1562, with his brother Edmund, committed to the Tower on a charge of conspiring to place Mary Stuart on the English throne, marry her to Edmund, and restore Arthur to his great-grandfather's dukedom. They were confined for life in the Beauchamp Tower. (There is an engraving of the above inscription on p. 761 of J. R. Green's 'Short History,' vol. ii.) H. F. MOULE. ESCHUID (8th S. viii. 409, 452; ix. 53, 152, 218; x. 83).-See Symons's Meteorological Magazine for September and November, 1896. CELER ET Audax. CHANGE OF RELIGION (8th S. x. 437).—Adopting St. Augustine's opinion of his total apostacy, may we not regard Solomon as an early example EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. of matrimonial conversion? Hastings. PITT CLUB (8th S. viii. 108, 193; ix. 13, 116; x. 461). The famous lyric 'The Pilot that weathered the Storm' was written by Mr. Canning for the first meeting of the Pitt Club, originated by him on the retirement of Pitt from office in 1801. Pitt died January 23, 1806, and on his death Canning grave." It would seem that, chiefly after his death, Pitt Clubs were founded in many important towns, and that in Manchester there was a very well-known one. In the Manchester School Register,' in a memoir of Dr. Smith, for thirty years high master of the school, it is said : "In politics he was an adherent through life of the Tory party, and of course a member of the Manchester Pitt Club. Soon after coming to Manchester (i. e., about 1807) he was elected a member of the then very exclusive club meeting at the Mosley Street Assembly Rooms" (vol. iii. p. 6). I can remember many years ago, in my boyish days, a large plaster-of-Paris medallion of the celebrated statesman round which ran an inscription, "Manchester Pitt Club." At that time, being fond of scientific pursuits, I submitted a wax cast of it to the electrotyping process. JOHN PICKFORD, M. A. annotations and a fairly complete key. I cannot find that the name of the clergyman of whom the story is told at i. 148 is mentioned in any key which I have come across; but although the name of the printer as given by Beloe is certainly Bowyer, a pen has been drawn through it by Mr. John Nichols, and that of Strahan has been substituted. Considering the relations in which the Nichols family stood with Mr. Bowyer, and the friendship which existed between John Nichols and Strahan, the authority of the author of 'Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century' must be held to be conclusive. The 'Sexagenarian,' though somewhat out of date, is still a most amusing work, and it is not strange that its stores should have been rifled by the compilers of 'Percy Anecdotes,' 'Books and Authors,' and similar collections. Stories such as that of Mary Hayes, a young lady who was "a Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge, friend of the Wolstonecroft, a follower of Helvetius, ACCENTS IN FRENCH (8th S. x. 457).—The fol- and a great admirer of Rousseau," and the short lowing remarks may be of use to your correspond- to prove that we are quite mistaken in thinking résumé of the novel written by her are sufficient ent. Accents were unknown in Old French. They that the " new woman were introduced by the grammarians of the six-decade of the nineteenth century. The heroine of " is a product of the last teenth century, in imitation of the Greek accents, the novel in question-a" woman who did " with a which were intended to mark intensity of pronun- vengeance-might have emerged from the portals lished in 'N. & Q.,' 2nd S. x. 300; xi. 33, 93; but of the Bodley Head. Keys to Beloe were pubelapsed, I should be glad, if the Editor could afford a period of five-and-thirty years has since the space, to print a fuller and more authoritative list than has hitherto appeared, after a careful in all the others to which I have access. collation of the names in Nichols's key with those ciation. The circumflex accent usually denotes a syllable that has become long by the suppression of a letter, as in fête for feste, &c. It is also placed on long Greek and Latin vowels, as dôme (Spa); but pôle (módos) is incorrect. This came into use towards the end of the seventeenth century. Accents in literature sometimes only serve to distinguish words that are pronounced the same, as ou and où, la and là. The cedilla comes from the Italian zediglia, a crotchet shaped like a 2, which the Italians placed under c to give it the sound of 8 and 2. This sign came into general use in France at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The trema (Greek Tρnua) placed on vowels indicates that the second has a pronunciation distinct from the first. It was first employed in the sixteenth century. In French the tonic accent always falls on the last syllable of a word except when that syllable is mute, when it falls on the penultimate. In Old French, when accents were unknown, the last syllable which was accentuated always ended in a consonant; and even now there is fluctuation in such forms as clé and clef, diné and diner, soupé and souper, pié (which appears in Lamartine) for pied. CECIL WILLson. Weybridge. 'ANECDOTES OF BOOKS AND AUTHORS' (8th S. x. 336, 400).-My copy of Beloe's 'Sexagenarian' formerly belonged to John Nichols and his son, John as Kingsland, Shrewsbury. W. F. PRIDEAUX, SIMON GRYNEUS (8th S. x. 495).—I have in my library a good biography of Simon Grynæus, from which I beg to send you the following extracts : "In 1531 he took a journey into England, and carried with him a recommendatory letter from Erasmus to William Mountjoy, dated Friburg, 18 March, 1531. After desiring Mountjoy to assist Grynæus as much as he could, in showing him libraries, and introducing him to learned men, Erasmus adds, Est homo Latinè maticis, disciplinis diligenter versatus, nullo supercilio, Græcequè ad unguem doctus, in philosophia et mathepudore pene iminodico. Pertraxit hominem istuc Bri 6 vestrarum amor. Rediturus est ad nos,' &c......Erasmus recommended him also to Sir Thomas More, from whom he received the highest civilities......He returned to John More, the Chancellor's son, as a testimony of gratitude for favours received from his father; and as the following passage in the dedication shows Sir Thomas as well as Grynæus in a very amiable light, we think it not amiss to insert it here." Basil in 1536...... His edition of Plato was addressed to This dedication being rather long, I will only send you a few concluding lines, as they relate particularly to his Oxford visit: "He likewise sent me to Oxford with one Mr. Harris, a 'learned young gentleman, and recommended me so powerfully to the University, that at the sight of his letters all the libraries were open to me, and I was admitted to the most intimate familiarity with the students." "FEER AND FLET" (8th S. x. 76, 166, 339, 422). The stanza quoted by MR. TERRY from Hardwick's Traditions, Superstitions, and Folklore' belongs to the well-known 'Lyke Wake Dirge,' which was first printed by Sir Walter Scott in the second volume of his Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,' 1802. The first stanza of Scott's version runs as follows: This ae nighte, this ae nighte, Every nighte and alle, Fire, and sleet, and candle-lighte, And Christe receive thye saule. Sir W. Scott supposed the word "sleet" to be "corrupted from selt or salt," which was formerly placed, in compliance with a popular superstition, on the breast of a corpse; but there is an earlier version of this remarkable poem, which was found by Sir Henry Ellis among Aubrey's MSS., and printed by him in his edition of Brand in 1813. In this version, which was reprinted with greater correctness in 1881 in the Folk-lore Society's edition of Aubrey's 'Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme,' p. 31, the first stanza is as follows:This ean night, this ean night, Every night and awle: Fire and Fleet and Candle-light, And Christ recieve thy Sawle. Here the word "fleet " undoubtedly means water, and I agree with MR. TERRY in thinking that in the deed cited by MR. FERET the condition that the Widow Opwyk should have "feer and flet" in her dwelling-house merely means that she should have the right of fire and water therein. expression was probably a legal commonplace in early times. Kingsland, Shrewsbury. W. F. PRIDEAUX. The LAURENCE HYDE, EARL OF ROCHESTER (8th S. x. 496), was buried in Westminster Abbey, at the foot of the steps going up to King Henry VII.'s Chapel. He married Lady Henrietta Boyle, fifth daughter of Richard, first Earl of Burlington, one of the beauties of her time. There were five children of this marriage, viz., Henry, second Earl of Rochester and fourth Earl of Clarendon ; Anne, who became the Countess of Ossory; Henrietta, who married James, Earl of Dalkeith; SIR JOHN JERVIS, CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE Mary, who became the wife of Francis Seymour, COMMON PLEAS (7th S. ix. 48).-So far back as Lord Conway; and Catherine, who died unmarried the above reference information was sought conon 19 July, 1737. See Chester's Westminster cerning this judge, who died in 1856, but no Abbey Registers,' G. E. C.'s 'Complete Peerage,' answers seem to have been returned. In the and Burke's 'Extinct Peerage.' None of these course of my rather miscellaneous reading I find authorities makes any mention of a second mar- him alluded to in Gunning's 'Reminiscences of the riage. G. F. R. B. University and Town of Cambridge' as having in early life a good deal of money at command to spend TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS FOR COUNTIES on elections at Chester, a city which he represented (8th S.ix. 361, 497; x.32).-No list of topographical for many years in Parliament. In the Life and collections for counties can be complete without Letters of the Rev. Fred. W. Robertson,' by the the Rev. Canon Mayo's excellent Bibliotheca Rev. Stopford A. Brooke, Mr. Robertson mentions Dorsetiensis.' I can only imagine that its absence in a "Letter" (cxxxviii., vol. ii. p. 133) his having from the list given by G. W. M. arises from the filled the office of High Sheriff's chaplain at Lewes, fact of its having been printed privately by sub-in Sussex, in 1852, when Sir John Jervis presided scription. Apparently a publisher's name is neces- in the Crown Court at the assizes, and of him Mr. sary to render a work famous. J. S. UDAL. Fiji. The very valuable index issued by the Historical MSS. Commission, to which I could not previously give the reference, is No. 31 of Accounts and Papers, 1890-1. It was issued 8 Dec., 1890. Robertson observes : "His charges to the jury surpassed in brilliance, clearness, interest, and conciseness, anything I ever could have conceived. The dullest cases became interesting directly he began to speak-the most intricate and bewildered clear. I do not think above one verdict was questionable in the whole thirty-six cases which he |