grave." It would seem that, chiefly after his death, Pitt Clubs were founded in many important towns, and that in Manchester there was a very well-known one. In the Manchester School Register,' in a memoir of Dr. Smith, for thirty years high master of the school, it is said :— "In politics he was an adherent through life of the Tory party, and of course a member of the Manchester Pitt Club. Soon after coming to Manchester (i. e., about 1807) he was elected a member of the then very exclusive club meeting at the Mosley Street Assembly Rooms" (vol. iii. p. 6). I can remember many years ago, in my boyish days, a large plaster-of-Paris medallion of the celebrated statesman round which ran an inscription, "Manchester Pitt Club." At that time, being fond of scientific pursuits, I submitted a wax cast of it to the electrotyping process. JOHN PICKFORD, M. A. annotations and a fairly complete key. I cannot find that the name of the clergyman of whom the story is told at i. 148 is mentioned in any key which I have come across; but although the name of the printer as given by Beloe is certainly Bowyer, a pen has been drawn through it by Mr. John Nichols, and that of Strahan has been substituted. Considering the relations in which the Nichols family stood with Mr. Bowyer, and the friendship which existed between John Nichols and Strahan, the authority of the author of 'Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century' must be held to be conclusive. date, is still a most amusing work, and it is not The 'Sexagenarian,' though somewhat out of strange that its stores should have been rifled by the compilers of 'Percy Anecdotes,' 'Books and Authors,' and similar collections. Stories such as Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. that of Mary Hayes, a young lady who was "a friend of the Wolstonecroft, a follower of Helvetius, ACCENTS IN FRENCH (8th S. x. 457).-The fol- résumé of the novel written by her are sufficient and a great admirer of Rousseau," and the short lowing remarks may be of use to your correspond to prove that we are quite mistaken in thinking ent. Accents were unknown in Old French. They that the "new woman" is a product of the last were introduced by the grammarians of the six-decade of the nineteenth century. The heroine of teenth century, in imitation of the Greek accents, the novel in question-a" woman who did" with a which were intended to mark intensity of pronun- vengeance-might have emerged from the portals ciation. The circumflex accent usually denotes a syllable that has become long by the suppression of a letter, as in fête for feste, &c. It is also placed on long Greek and Latin vowels, as dôme (dua); but pôle (róλos) is incorrect. This came into use towards the end of the seventeenth century. Accents in literature sometimes only serve to distinguish words that are pronounced the same, as ou and où, la and là. The cedilla comes from the Italian zediglia, a crotchet shaped like a %, which the Italians placed under c to give it the sound of 8 and 2. This sign came into general use in France at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The trema (Greek Tppa) placed on vowels indicates that the second has a pronunciation distinct from the first. It was first employed in the sixteenth century. In French the tonic accent always falls on the last syllable of a word except when that syllable is mute, when it falls on the penultimate. In Old French, when accents were unknown, the last syllable which was accentuated always ended in a consonant; and even now there is fluctuation in such forms as clé and clef, diné and diner, soupé and souper, pié (which appears in Lamartine) for pied. CECIL WILLSON. Weybridge. 'ANECDOTES OF BOOKS AND AUTHORS' (8th S. x. 336, 400).-My copy of Beloe's 'Sexagenarian' formerly belonged to John Nichols and his son, John lished in 'N. & Q.,' 2nd S. x. 300; xi. 33, 93; but of the Bodley Head. Keys to Beloe were pub as elapsed, I should be glad, if the Editor could afford Kingsland, Shrewsbury. W. F. PRIDEAUX, SIMON GRYNAEUS (8th S. x. 495).—I have in my library a good biography of Simon Grynæus, from which I beg to send you the following extracts : with him a recommendatory letter from Erasmus to "In 1531 he took a journey into England, and carried William Mountjoy, dated Friburg, 18 March, 1531. After desiring Mountjoy to assist Grynæus as much as he could, in showing him libraries, and introducing him to learned men, Erasmus adds, Est homo Latinè Græcequè ad unguem doctus, in philosophia et mathepudore pene iminodico. Pertraxit hominem istuc Brimaticis, disciplinis diligenter versatus, nullo supercilio, 6 vestrarum amor. Rediturus est ad nos,' &c......Erasmus recommended him also to Sir Thomas More, from whom he received the highest civilities......He returned to John More, the Chancellor's son, as a testimony of gratitude for favours received from his father; and as the following passage in the dedication shows Sir Thomas as well as Grynæus in a very amiable light, we think it not amiss to insert it here." Basil in 1536......His edition of Plato was addressed to This dedication being rather long, I will only send you a few concluding lines, as they relate particularly to his Oxford visit : "He likewise sent me to Oxford with one Mr. Harris, a 'learned young gentleman, and recommended me so powerfully to the University, that at the sight of his letters all the libraries were open to me, and I was admitted to the most intimate familiarity with the students." LAURENCE HYDE, EARL OF ROCHESTER (8th S. x. 496), was buried in Westminster Abbey, at the foot of the steps going up to King Henry VII.'s Chapel. He married Lady Henrietta Boyle, fifth daughter of Richard, first Earl of Burlington, one of the beauties of her time. There were five children of this marriage, viz., Henry, second Earl of Rochester and fourth Earl of Clarendon ; Anne, who became the Countess of Ossory; Henrietta, who married James, Earl of Dalkeith; Mary, who became the wife of Francis Seymour, Lord Conway; and Catherine, who died unmarried on 19 July, 1737. See Chester's Westminster Abbey Registers,' G. E. C.'s 'Complete Peerage,' and Burke's 'Extinct Peerage.' None of these authorities makes any mention of a second marriage. G. F. R. B. TOPOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS FOR COUNTIES This ae nighte, this ae nighte, Sir W. Scott supposed the word "sleet" to be Fire and Fleet and Candle-light, And Christ recieve thy Sawle. Here the word "fleet" undoubtedly means water, and I agree with MR. TERRY in thinking that in the deed cited by MR. FERET the condition that the Widow Opwyk should have "feer and flet" in her dwelling-house merely means that she should have the right of fire and water therein. expression was probably a legal commonplace in early times. W. F. PRIDEAUX. Kingsland, Shrewsbury. The SIR JOHN JERVIS, CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE COMMON PLEAS (7th S. ix. 48).—So far back as the above reference information was sought concerning this judge, who died in 1856, but no answers seem to have been returned. In the course of my rather miscellaneous reading I find him alluded to in Gunning's 'Reminiscences of the University and Town of Cambridge' as having in early life a good deal of money at command to spend on elections at Chester, a city which he represented (8th S.ix. 361, 497; x.32).-No list of topographical for many years in Parliament. In the 'Life and collections for counties can be complete without Letters of the Rev. Fred. W. Robertson,' by the the Rev. Canon Mayo's excellent Bibliotheca Rev. Stopford A. Brooke, Mr. Robertson mentions Dorsetiensis.' I can only imagine that its absence in a "Letter" (cxxxviii., vol. ii. p. 133) his having from the list given by G. W. M. arises from the filled the office of High Sheriff's chaplain at Lewes, fact of its having been printed privately by sub-in Sussex, in 1852, when Sir John Jervis presided scription. Apparently a publisher's name is neces- in the Crown Court at the assizes, and of him Mr. sary to render a work famous. J. S. UDAL. Robertson observes :Fiji. The very valuable index issued by the Historical MSS. Commission, to which I could not previously give the reference, is No. 31 of Accounts and Papers, 1890-1. It was issued 8 Dec., 1890. "His charges to the jury surpassed in brilliance, clearness, interest, and conciseness, anything I ever could have conceived. The dullest cases became interand bewildered clear. I do not think above one verdict esting directly he began to speak-the most intricate was questionable in the whole thirty-six cases which he "the real child of the French king," for the man As a special instance of his cleverness and sagacity, the story is narrated of the card-sharping case. The counsel had affirmed that a perfectly fair pack of cards had been used; but when they were handed up to him Sir John told, without looking at their faces, the names of the cards. He then pointed out that on the backs there was a small dotted flower indicating the court cards. This story has frequently been told. But laudari a laudato viro is a feather even in the cap of a Chief Justice. Mr. Robertson died in 1853 (only a year afterwards), Sir John Jervis in 1856, and the decease of the latter is thus alluded to in the William Henry, Duke of Gloucester, was son of DUKE OF GLOUCESTER (8th S. x. 515).—Prince Prologue to the Westminster Play of that year-Anne of Denmark, afterward Queen of England. the Andria': Verum et ipsa victimas Pax habet, et nostris haud alienos sedibus 'Lusus Alteri Westmonasterienses,' vol. ii. p. 141. I have not been able to discover the place of his burial, but it easily could be found. His age was only fifty-four. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. LOUIS PHILIPPE (8th S. x. 495, 524).-MR. PEET does not save Dr. Hugh Macmillan, whose words as quoted imply that Louis Philippe was successor by inheritance to a king. But there is no foundation for MR. PEET's suggestion either. Louis Philippe as a young man was singularly like his father, as the famous picture at Chantilly of the hunt before the Revolution, with the Duc d'Orléans and the Duc de Chartres (Louis Philippe) in "pink," well shows. Moreover Égalité's wife was a lady of far too high character to lend herself to a "warming-pan plot," which would have had, in this instance no object. 66 D. The suggestion conveyed by the words attributed to Dr. Hugh Macmillan, that Louis Philippe was common "in looks, is absurd. He was one of the most beautiful children and handsomest youths of his time, as witness the signed drawing by Cosway and the chalk sketch by Carl Vernet (1787), both at Chantilly. CHARLES W. DILKE. The revival, even in a sermon for children, of the fable of Louis Philippe being a changeling is really amazing. No doubt Maria Stella Petronilla, married first to the Earl of Newborough and secondly to Baron Sternberg, believed the story of her putative father, Ciappini, that he received her in exchange for his son from the Duke of Orleans, travelling in Italy under the name of Comte de Joinville. It is also true that she obtained a recognition of her claims from the tribunal of Faenza. But neither the French tribunals nor the public credited so improbable and purposeless an exchange. Dr. Macmillan, moreover, shows Paris. 1700. He was born 24 July, 1689, and died 29 July, THE MAN OF GHENT (8th S. x. 415, 499).— Surely Guizot! I wonder that no one has remembered this; but such things are soon forgotten. I quite well recall this title of him, commonly quoted by English newspapers from French during the later years of his ministry, and I carried a vague impression that it had reference to some commercial treaty between France and Belgium, executed by him, or under his auspices, at Ghent. On looking into his 'Memoirs,' I find that during the three or four years from 1841 the question of a customsunion between the two countries was much discussed: opposed by England and other powers, as tending to the absorption of Belgium into France. In the year 1845 a milder form of commercial treaty was ratified, probably displeasing to a great number of Frenchmen, as a concession to foreign jealousy; but I cannot find any mention of Ghent in connexion herewith. Such works of Guizot's as I have consulted, both in the original and in translation, are indictable under Lord Campbell's Act as criminally destitute of index. C. B. MOUNT. EARLY NEWSPAPERS (8th S. x. 256).- The Mercurius Theologicus, 1700, contains catalogues_of_ books "printed for, and sold by, John Taylor, at the Ship in St. Paul's Churchyard." There are advertisements of books in the Mercurius Reformatus, 1689. Both periodicals are to be seen at the British Museum, as well ав the English Intelligencer, 1679, Mercurius Britannicus, Mercurius Domesticus, Mercurius Politicus, Mercurius Veridicus, Mercurius Infernus, and many other publications (political tracts, pamphlets, newspapers, and almanacs), with similar titles and of about the period indicated by B. P. S., catalogued in the Burney Collection and elsewhere; Mercurius Clericus in any of the lists. The sets mentioned above are, for the most part, far from complete. E. G. CLAYTON. Richmond. In the Strand Magazine for September, 1896, there is a paper by F. G. Kitton, entitled "Some Old Newspapers. From Charles I. to Queen Victoria. Illustrations from Old Prints, Paintings, and Facsimiles." CELER ET Audax. By Timperley's Dictionary of Printers and Printing,' No. 1 of the Mercurius Clericus; or, News from Syra, for September 17 to 24, was issued in 1647, but when it ceased to be published is not noted. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN, AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (8th S. ix. 49). Non annorum canities est laudanda, sed morum. This quotation is given in the foot-note to the following line in the Delphin edition of Plautus: Non ætate, verum ingenio adipiscitur sapientia. Trinummi,' ii. 2, 88. "Non annorum," &c., is there attributed to Ambrosius; but it is not stated where in his works it occurs. Com pare "Nihil turpius est, quam grandis natu senex, qui nullum aliud habet argumentum, quo se probet diu vixisse, præter ætatem (Seneca, De Tranquillitate Animi, iii. sec. 7). Compare also Proverbs xvi. 31; also Cicero, De Senectute,' xviii. sec. 62,"Non cani, non ruga," &c. ROBERT PIERPOINT. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. A Scots Mediaval Architect. By P. Macgregor Chalmers. (Glasgow, Hodge & Co.) WE welcome this work gladly. With the exception of the preface, which, like those to some of Scott's novels, is a "wee bit ower modest," we cannot find anything whatsoever with which to find fault. We well remember the substance of its pages appearing in Scots Lore, a periodical which, we are sorry to say, has ceased to appear. So far as our memory serves us, we have somewhat more in the present issue than in its predecessor. It used to be said that, while the names of all the important Renaissance architects had been preserved for the admiration of posterity, nearly all those of the earlier times had been forgotten. In those days monastic chronicles and fabric rolls were but scantily used, and the great treasure which we have of national records was, we may say, almost without exaggeration, unknown to any one, save the keepers of the various repositories where they slumbered. Things have changed now, for though very much still remains to be done, arrangement and the work of the cataloguer have made so much progress that, if sufficient industry be used, much new knowledge will be produced relating to the history of not a few of our nobler ecclesiastical buildings. So far as research has at present gone, it still remains true that the architects to whom we owe so much are nearly all forgotten, or, if their names have been come upon, they stand alone, like the list of jurors at the top of an old manor court roll, without personal details, so that we may think of them as men who once lived and suffered. This seems the more singular when we call to mind that our Whether this almost universal suppression of the names of architects arose from religious feeling or from mere modesty, we are not in a position to decide; it is, however, a noteworthy fact which should not be forgotten by students of medieval life. If we understand Mr. Chalmers aright, there are but two examples of architects commemorating themselves in all Scot. land. One of these is John Morow, whose name is found on a panel let into the wall at Melrose. There is another inscription over a doorway which has been read in various ways. Mr. Chalmers thinks, and we believe rightly, that the name is Johne Morvo, and that the two name in modern spelling is Murray. This John Morowspellings indicate the same person, and that the true for so he frequently spelt his name, however he may have pronounced it-flourished in the middle of the fifteenth century. He is to be found at Melrose and Paisley, and Mr. Chalmers has traced his handiwork in the Cathedral of Glasgow "in the beautiful Rood Screen, in the vaulting of the Aisle of Car Fergus, and in the vaulting of the aisles of choir and nave. He turns up, too, in Nithsdale, Galloway, and St. Andrews. We have evidently before us, even if Mr. Chalmers should sometimes be in error in his identifications-and we have no reason for thinking he is-an active, ardent, serviceable man, with a deep sense for beauty of form and great constructive ability. Of such a man it is desirable to know far more than we do at present. He seems to have been one of those active and intelligent Scots who in recent days have done so much for their own country. The author believes that the John Morow whose inscriptions yet remain can be identified with the John Murray who in 1479, in company with others, took a lease of lands in Ettrick. He was evidently a favourite at Court, for on one occasion James IV. gave him twenty angels to buy a horse. The records show many dealings of John Murray with the Crown; but the friendship shown to him by the sovereign raised up powerful enemies. In 1510, while on his way to the Sheriff Court at Selkirk, he was assaulted by an armed band of Kerrs and Scotts and assassinated. All of us who love Scottish ballad poetry know The Outlaw Murray.' Mr. Chalmers has no doubt that it relates in some way to the great architect and feudal proprietor. He even suggests that Murray himself may have been the author of the ballad, but for this he produces no evidence. Calendar of the State Papers relating to Ireland of the Reign of Elizabeth. Edited by Ernest George Atkinson, (Stationery Office.) THE history of Ireland has always been known to be distressing to every humane man. There is probably no fifteen months during the whole long ageny more terrible than those included in the present volume. Of the mediæval time we know comparatively little; but of that little the national historians have seldom made good use. Now that the State Papers are being made accessible we find that seas of bloodshed and nameless horrors have been passed over in a few pages, sometimes even in a line or two. The few months which went before and followed after the great battle of Armagh abound with incidents so shocking that we shrink from dwelling on them. The partial subjection of Ireland to England had been a long-standing grievance, which caused much suffering; but it was not until the latter years of the sixteenth century that the cup of national agony was filled to the brim. England had become powerful enough to deter war with France and the Wars of the Roses had come to an end in what seemed a remote past. They only lingered in the minds of the people as a vague tradition. England had, with some relapses, been increasing in wealth, and her people in military ardour. During the Middle Ages there had been race hatred and land hunger; but it was not until the reign of Henry VIII. that a third force-perhaps the most potent of the three -was added. The Protestant rulers of England determined to compel the Irish to discard their old ways of thinking on religious subjects, and to accept a Church modelled on that of England. It is, perhaps, unreasonable for us, who live in times when the doctrine of universal toleration is received in civilized lands as one of the first principles of government, to blame our forefathers of three centuries ago for not being able to understand what we see so clearly now. Elizabeth was no worse than other potentates. All of them, when they had the power, tried to enforce uniformity of faith by civil penalties; but we do not remember any other case in Christian Europe where the results have been attended by so long a train of misfortunes. When the battle of Tyrone was fought, by which an old Welsh prophecy, "that the Earl of Tyrone should prevail against the English nation," seemed to have been fulfilled, nothing remained to be done but, at whatever expenditure of cost, to conquer the Irish nation; but, as the editor states, "Vacillation, corruption, and division marked the course of the State." How far this was the fault of the queen herself, or how far it rested on her advisers, we are not in a position to state. She was a fearless woman, who, as it seems to us, would have done her best; but the tide of corruption was too strong for her. More than two centuries had to pass by ere common honesty could be made to prevail. That there were many honest men among her servants in Ireland we do not question; but it is evident that a preponderance of men who went over did so merely to advance their fortunes. The great Irish victory of Armagh may be regarded as the centre of the lurid picture which these papers give us. In one instance we hear of Lady Moore being made prisoner, stripped of her clothing, and left to die of cold in a bog. In other instances we hear of the brains of little infants being dashed out, of hearts being torn from living bodies, and many other horrors we do not care to speak of. These things were done by what used to be called the "mere Irish." Can we feel certain-nay, can we hope that acts equally detestable were not performed by the English soldiery. The editing of the volume is all that we could wish, and we are glad to find at the end of the preface a list of proverbs and out-of-the-way words, which will be of much use to students of the speech of former days. Colonial Days in Old New York. By Alice Morse Earle. (Nutt.) To most English students of folk-lore this volume, describing life in what was once known as the New Netherlands, opens out a new field. It supplies a picture of Dutch habits, manners, rhymes, modes of thought. To the present day, says Miss Earle, Dutch influence and Dutch traits, as well as Dutch names, are ever present and are a force in New York life. Wholly unlike anything to be seen in England, or in many parts of America, is the life depicted, and the volume may be studied with interest and advantage as well as with amusement. Whitaker's Almanack for 1897. By Joseph Whitaker, F.S.A. (Whitaker.) AMONG the new features of this most indispensable of former issues, 1869-96, an alphabetical arrangement of Government offices, the addition of new orders to the Orders of Knighthood, and an enlarged list of fares. A special article is added on the longest reign. A perpetual calendar, for finding the day of the week at any time from the creation, also appears. Of this, in another shape, we have made frequent use, The Almanack will be warmly welcomed. THE fourth part of Naval and Military Trophies (Nimmo) gives, in Mr. Gibbs's admirably artistic coloured designs, a tiger's head from the throne of Tippoo Sultan, the Rajah of Assam, and a splendid powder-horn, and from the royal collection, Windsor Castle; the creese of the Duke of Marlborough's sword, all from the same collection; and the Duke of Wellington's telescope and the sword and hat worn by him at Waterloo, now in the these splendid trophies are once more supplied by Mr. possession of the present Duke. Full descriptions of Richard R. Holmes, F.S.A., the Queen's librarian. The tiger's head of the great Tippoo is a superb piece of work. All the objects are of high interest, and the work, half of which is now almost finished, constitutes itself a trophy, and will, when completed, rank as one of the most exemplary books of the season. WE have received the eleventh edition of The Lincoln Stamp Album, for home and foreign postage stamps, published by W. S. Lincoln. Into this many improvements are introduced, and the volume, the utility of which is known to collectors, will now hold over 6,500 stamps. Further pages can be had by those requiring them. Reproductions of various scarce stamps are given on separate pages. An atlas and a catalogue of stamps add to the attractions and utility. BISHOP PEARSON during the later years of his life compiled a common-place book of remarkable passages and striking thoughts which he met with in the course of reading. His widow has placed these in the hands of Mr. Elliot Stock, who will publish them very shortly in a volume, with a preface by the Bishop of Manchester. Notices to Correspondents, We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." WM. MORTON (" London, Liverpool, Hull ").-All are ports, and the last two are described as seaports, though both are practically on rivers. All may, indeed, be considered as seaports. BLUE UPRIGHT.-Please send full address. We have a letter for you. NOTICE. Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of 'Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and |