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arrived in London from Bath in 1774. The advertisements of Skinner, Dyke & Skinner, and James Christie are for the most part of country estates, of little general interest now; but at this period both firms were about equally well known as auctioneers of pictures and objects of art.

But quite the most interesting reflection which will be forced upon one in connexion with this facsimile is the exceedingly easy duties of the editor of a daily newspaper in 1796 as compared with those a century later. A pair of scissors, a pot of paste and one of beer were apparently the chief weapons of the editor of 1796, supplemented by an occasional paragraph or two written all out of his own head. In this particular issue of the Times there are fifty-two lines of the editor's own composition-the sum total of its original matter. There were in 1796 no early newspaper trains to catch, no leader-writers to supervise, no sporting intelligence to overlook, no slaving from 8 P.M. until 4 A.M. What a Golden Age for editors of daily newspapers! W. ROBERTS.

Carlton Villa, Klea Avenue, Clapham Common,

BRITISH.

I am writing about Everard Digby, the author of 'De Arte Natandi,' the first book published in England on swimming in the year 1587, and I wanted to say (of course with pride) that he was an Englishman pure and simple, and not a Britisher. That is, he lived before the union of England and Scotland, when James I. came to the throne. At least that is my notion of a Britisher.* I have a bad habit now of looking out for the accepted (or rather dictionary) meaning of words to see if I am right-a bad habit, because, as will be seen by the following observations, it almost invariably leads one into endless searches, that take up time. So let us see what the authorities say about British, and, as I have a bad memory for dates, what was the date of this so-called union. Ah! Haydn's Dictionary of Dates' is sure to give me both under "British." No. All sorts of British institutions and British Museum. Under "Britain" we are told the kingdom merged into that of England 874; but that is a British or Britain that I am not concerning myself with now. Under "England" we get the date of James VI.'s accession to the English throne, 1603; but no explanation of British. Most of the institutions called British are not British at all, but purely English, unless the fact of Scotsmen coming to England, remaining permanently there, and joining these institutions makes them British. Ah! I see it is the English dictionary I must go to; but it is Sunday, and I have very few. Let

Though written some months ago, this note may be taken in some sort as a reply to that entitled 'Great

us try the largest first. Cassell's 'Encyclopædic' says, "British, of or pertaining to Britain." Well, that is no use, because we have no definition of Britain, which, like British, is the point; besides, Haydn told us Britain was merged into England.

Well, now Ogilvie's 'Imperial Dictionary,' 1882. It simply copies Cassell's, or vice versa. Now then, Nuttall (an edition of about 1880): "British, pertaining to Britain, or Great Britain, or its inhabitants"; but in another edition, 1893, the Rev. James Wood, the editor, seems to have had his suspicions, for he has left out the words "Britain or," unless this was simply done without reflection, to make it shorter.

So that an Irishman, a Frenchman, a German, or Chinese, if he is " an inhabitant," is a Britisher, which of course cannot be, for a man born in England must be an Englisher, one born in Wales a Welsher, &c.

Let us try Percy Smith's most useful' Glossary of Terms and Phrases,' 1889. No. Like Nuttall, it gives "British gum," and "British seas," and "British ship," "one owned by a British subject," but no definition.

Well, Dr. Brewer's Phrase and Fable' hardly ever fails one. He gives some interesting information about the British lion, but not what I want, though under "Britain" we get near it, for he says Great Britain consists of Britannia prima (England), Britannia secunda (Wales), and North Britain (Scotland). The natives of these countries, I apprehend, are all Britishers when they act in concert; but I want a book that tells me exactly. One more chance: Wharton's 'Law Lexicon.' No. It defines "bridge," and "brief," and "British Columbia," but plain "British" you are supposed to know.

Having exhausted my books, it is clear that I must wait until I can go to a library. In the mean time I may remark that I never use the word British if English will do. If I am abroad I call everything English-whether Scotch, Welsh, it to the country it belongs to if possible, or or Irish-if I am proud of it; but if bad I assign repudiate it as not English. Sometimes the result is curious, as in talking of one of the magnificent ships which you know are built in Scotland and hail, say, from Glasgow. An Englishman abroad is proud of her, so, in reply to what country she belongs to, "la belle Havraise" is informed she is English. You cannot go into details, and say, Well, probably she is built in Scotland by Irishmen and much of the materials and inventions are from England. What would a Scotsman answer? Would be reply British ("Breeteesh"), or Anglais, or Écossais?

At Marseilles there is a tradesman who has "British butcher" painted over his shop. This

question, because I thought a man must be either an Englishman or a Scotsman, unless spoken of collectively, such as in the navy or army, when, of course, English, Scotch, and Welsh are properly spoken of as British. He was, perhaps, acquainted with Scotch prejudices, and thought to catch Scots as well as English.

The French do not take to the word "British,"* probably because they have "Anglais," which formerly, I believe, included all English-speaking people; but of late years Americans have travelled in such numbers that it does not now include them.

I have referred above to the " so-called union." What kind of a union is it when each country has separate laws? For legal matters Scotland is as much a foreign country as France; for you cannot serve an English process in Scotland or France without leave of a judge. It is much better than it was some years ago, when a Scotsman could come to England, run up large bills, return to Scotland, and flip his fingers at his creditors. It is the same with Ireland; and yet, though we never conquered Scotland, we always pretend we did Ireland. It is not much of a conquest of a country when it still keeps its own laws. Of course, the above instance is only supposition-"make believe," as the children say-no one would suspect either Scotsmen or Irishmen of doing such a dishonest thing.

An English judgment solemnly pronounced by the most powerful lord we have is mere wastepaper in Scotland or Ireland, until it has gone through the required legal process to make it worth anything in those two countries respectively.

The Union I have been referring to is that of the accession of James I.; but I need not say that this was only a union of the two crowns, the "real" (?) union was not until the Act of 5 Anne, c. 8, 1 May, 1707; the latter is as much a sham as the former, so far as the law is concerned.

Probably one must not expect any explanation of a word from gazetteers-at all events, if you did you would not get it; still it is worth while seeing what they have to say.

I have the tenth edition, 1797, of R. Brooke's 'General Gazetteer'; it does not give British at all. In a subsequent new edition, 1869, we are informed in the preface that the "first edition was issued to British readers" in 1762. Under "British America " we are told that "this extensive territory will be found under ten heads, under the head of "British Empire." Under that heading

Nor do the English; they use the word more generally of late years, in consequence of a kind of boycotting threat from the Scotch-at least, so I have been informed. There was a long discussion in the Times some years ago, and the Scotch writers told us that if we did not use the term British they would leave off building our ships.

nothing of the kind is to be found ;* but under "Great Britain" we are told it is divided into three parts-England, Scotland, and Wales.

The Gazetteer of the British Isles,' edited by John Bartholomew, Edin. (1893?), gives no definition of British, Britain, nor British Isles.

I need not search further, as they are all about the same; but, lastly, let us see what an American says. Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World," Philadelphia, 1880, under "British Empire," refers to Great Britain, where it says: Great Britain or Britain is England, Wales, and Scotland, but the "British Isles are the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." This is not large enough, however; it should have added the isles of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, for incidentally I may say that the legislature found it necessary to define British Islands, and in all Acts of Parliament passed after 31 Dec., 1889, those words mean the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man (Stroud's 'Judicial Dictionary,' 1890). It would thus appear that the editor of Nuttall was not right in leaving out "Britain or."

The whole thing seems to show that they none of them know much about, or at all events are not Let us thoroughly certain about the matter. suppose a man born in Ireland, or, better still, instead of supposing I will give an actual case, that of a valiant soldier who served his country faithfully for twenty years-John Leahy, taken from his own account in his 'Art of Swimming," 1875. He is a Corker, having been born in the county of Cork, where at the age of seventeen he enlisted in our army ("our" neatly avoids English and British), and is brought to England, where he is forthwith attached to a Scotch regiment, 78th Highlanders, and for the rest of his military career poses before the natives of India as a Scotsman (I presume in Scots dress). He comes back to England, where he remains, an Irishman still (?), though if he met any of those Indian natives they would, of course, look upon him as a Scotsman in England. In 1868 he joined the Eton College Rifle Corps, when we find, from his book above referred to, he had left off the Highland dress, as he is represented teaching the college boys swimming, in layman's costume.†

* I thought I must have made some mistake, so I referred to an experienced literary friend, who confirmed me, with the observation that "there was hardly a page of any of our books of reference that could be relied on." I have thought this, but felt that people in

glass houses must not throw stones, and prefer to let some one else say it.

I use the word "costume" in its ordinary sense here; it does not mean none, as it does at our swimming entertainments, where it means not a costume, but a tight-fitting body and double drawers, made according to the laws of the Amateur Swimming Association. I am quite prepared to find, in a few years' time, that the word will be solely applied in this latter meaning. The swim

Although in the "British army," it would be unfair to call him British, because that word, as we have seen from all the authorities, and also as we know from our constitution, does not include the Irish, nor any others (if there are any) who contribute to keep up the empire. Why should his nationality be sunk? He served the empire with great bravery, frequently distinguishing himself during his twenty-one years. Now if there is a word that includes British and Irish, it appears to me that Sergeant Leahy is entitled to be called by it.

Has not a mistake been made by the Scotch in insisting that the word "British" be used instead of "English"? England is the larger country, and the lesser should have merged in the greater. RALPH THOMAS.

(To be continued.)

by Hatzfeld, the only recorded guess about the etymology of F. galoper is the old one which connects the syllable -lop with the Gothic hlaupan, to run; but it is now said to be very doubtful. I cannot understand why this suggestion has not long since been abandoned as impossible.

I have pointed out, in my 'Dictionary,' that the M.E. form also appears as walopen as well as galopen. Bradley's Stratmann gives three references for walopen in Middle-English. I also point out that the etymology of this form is from an O.F. *waloper, not recorded, but an older form of galoper; and further, that this is derived from a Flemish form walopen, for which I give a quotation.

This O.F. *waloper is nowhere recorded; but there are traces of it, which Godefroy's ' Old French Dictionary' entirely ignores. The first is, that Roquefort, s.v. "Galopin," cites the forms wailopin and walopin, which he presumably saw somewhere. It is usual to derive the sb. galopin from the verb galoper; but it is as well to note that Ducange connects it with Low Lat. galuppus.

Cambridge.

WALTER W. SKEAT.

A SKITTISH WIFE IRON-SHOD BY HER HUSBAND. -A horrible story to this effect is quoted by the Lootch (Sunbeam) of 20 Nov. (2 Dec.) from the Vostotchnoe Obozrenie (Eastern Review), and Birjeviya Vedomosti (Bourse Intelligencer). A village But I now wish to state more particularly that blacksmith, Nicolas Temliakoff by name, feeling there is one trace of the initial win Old French jealous of his spouse, made her a pair of well-which cannot be doubted. In 'Le Jeu de Robin,' fitting iron horseshoes, which in regular style he by Adam de la Halle, printed by Bartsch and proceeded to nail to her feet, heedless of her fearful Horning in their book of selections from Old screams and prayers for mercy. The madman's French, we find (col. 544, 1. 26) the line, "Il vient idea may have been that, if fond of running to chi les grans walos," here he comes at full gallop. assignations, she should not wear out shoe-leather Here walos is the plural of walop, just as galos is at his expense. When the unhappy woman the plural of galop; the phrase recurs with the swooned under the extreme torture, he cheerfully spelling "les grans galos" at col. 288, 1. 13 of the revived her by pricking her neck and shoulders same work. If we want to find the etymology of with a sharp knife. This is alleged to have occurred galoper we must start from the form wál-op-er. at Bolshe-Kosulski, in the Mariensky Circuit, near Tomsk, but one suspects mystification or great exaggeration, as the account concludes with the statement that, after being locked up for a couple of days by his fellow-villagers, this farrier of human beings was set at liberty. I only quote under reserve. The savage tale recalls Lustucru, in the old French print, hammering obstinate wives' heads on an anvil: "Je te rendrai bonne" (see Champfleury, 'Livres Populaires). Perhaps the whole report may have originated in some coarse practical joke. Does any folk-lore exist to illustrate shoeing a faithless wife? Wright, in his 'History of Caricature,' has an engraving, from an old OLNEY.-I was amused over an account told by carving, of a farrier shoeing a goose, which, if not a newspaper friend living in an interior town in merely a quaint conceit, may be in allusion to the New York State, occupying there an editorial old saw about the pity of seeing a goose go bare-chair, of his efforts to straighten out genealogical foot? But this is foreign to our present subject. H. E. M.

St. Petersburg.

THE ETYMOLOGY OF "GALLOP."-I find that, in the newest French etymological dictionary, ming galas are now headed "Costume entertainment.

of "Dear me" was discussed. Among the descend "DEAR KNOWS."-In vols. iv. and v. the origin ants of Scotch-Irish families settled in the United States one hears occasionally such an expression as, "I wouldn't do it, dear knows." This is obperhaps lingers yet in Ulster, possibly even in the viously equivalent to "Scit Deus." The phrase lowlands of Scotland.

Portland, Oregon.

RICHARD H. THORNTON.

information touching this surname. A pale-faced New England spinster of uncertain age, one of the town's teachers, bearing the name, implored my friend to insert a paragraph asking data regarding the antecedents of the distinguished French nobleman of her patronymic who first brought the surname to the shores of America several hundreds of

WALTER W. SKEAT. AND VOCALIST.-An entry in the London Chronicle, MRS. SOPHIA Baddeley (1745-1786), ACTRESS 29 Dec., 1770 to 1 Jan., 1771, p. 2, thus briefly records the death of her father: "A few days ago died at Windsor, Valentine Snow, Esq.; Serjeant Trumpeter to his Majesty, and father to Mrs. Baddeley, of Drury Lane Theatre."

DANIEL HIPWELL.

"GERT "GREAT.-This adjective is common in the neighbourhood of Wakefield, as, "Gɔ on, thah gert soft thing!" Halliwell gives this form of the word as occurring in Devonshire. In Derbyshire one usually hears gret.

but no answer came to the query. At last a burly tionary') is wrong, and indeed impossible. It is, young farmer, in husky but mysterious tones, begged however, Scandinavian, from the Icel. jaga; of. an audience of the editor. Thinking the individual E. awe, from Icel. agi. The Dan. jage, Swed. jaga, had called to square his year's subscription with G. and Du. jagen, all mean "to hunt"; but the several barrels of apples in lieu of the better-liked Icel. verb has the peculiar sense of to move to and authorized paper currency printed at the expense of fro, to be unsteady, to yaw. the people of the United States through the authorities at Washington, and being short of that kind of fruit at home, our editor unlatched his door and received the visitor with a broad, bland smile, denoting much hearty welcome. To his disappointment, no apples were offered, but he was requested to indite a reply to the "fullish" query, and state that the spinster was 66 a dom fool," that the signer was a Englishman, that his name was Olney, that the Olneys were as thick as blueberries in the English county where he came from, that he had no French blood in his veins; moreover, he pronounced his name Owney, dropping the 7 as quite unnecessary. Looking into the annals of the name on this continent, I find it peculiar only to the little State of Rhode Island, where it is common indeed, their records claiming descent from four persons who arrived in Boston Harbour in 1635, viz., Thomas Olney, shoemaker, aged thirty-five; Marion Olney, aged thirty; Thomas Olney, aged three; and Epenetus Olney, aged one. Local history records this shoemaker to have had a gift for talking Anabaptist theories, to the disgust of the austere Puritans of the period, then seriously contemplating the hanging of certain troublesome Anabaptists and Quakers-nine meeting that fate on the green grounds of the Boston Common; and to save his neck he moved into the wilderness in company with the far-famed Rev. Roger Williams, also a great talker, and with him laid the foundation of the city of Providence, now the capital of Rhode Island. It is curious to note that the common accentuation of the name throughout that State is Owney. As there are several places in England called Olney, it would be interesting to know which one of them is locally pronounced Owney.

MANHATTAN.

"SCROGMOGGLING."-This word seems worthy of preservation in N. & Q.' According to the Standard and Diggers' News,

"the lady bicyclists at Johannesburg were to have taken
part in the cycling carnival which is to take place at the
Rand shortly; but it appears that the hubbies of the
married ladies don't like the idea of their wives scrog-
moggling in a procession, so the scheme has been dropped,
and a decoration competition is to be substituted. The
husbands, it is clear, were in their rights in objecting to
Bcrogmoggling in a procession."

But what does "scrogmoggling" mean?
W. ROBERTS.

THE ETYMOLOGY OF "YAW."-The etymology of the verb to yaw, occurring in 'Hamlet,' V. ii. 120, has never yet been correctly given. That in

S. O. ADDY.

esting to find similarities of expression in poetry,
BUTLER AND TENNYSON.-It is always inter-
and to compare them, without for a moment as-
suming that one poet has borrowed from another.
Butler, in Hudibras,' pt. ii. canto i. ll. 571–2,
has:

Where'er you tread, your foot shall set
The primrose and the violet.
Tennyson, in 'Maud,' pt. i. xxii. § 7, has :-
From the meadow your walks have left so sweet
That whenever a March-wind sighs
He sets the jewel-print of your feet,
In violets blue as your eyes.

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.
"YEDE."-"It would be curious to know if
the mistake really occurs in any other author's
works," observes Prof. Skeat, in his 'Student's
Pastime,' with reference to this word as used by
Spenser as an infinitive. Though not actually so
used by Sackville, a little earlier, it is presupposed
by him in the following passage :—

Here entred we, and, yeding forth, anone An horrible lothly lake we might discerne, As blacke as pitche, that cleped is Auerne. 'Induction' (1563), st. 30. much like wasing for "being." Yeding would have seemed, in distant ages, F. H.

Marlesford.

SHAKSPEARE AND THE BOOK OF WISDOM.The following is a verbal coincidence, not noticed by Bishop Wordsworth in 'Shakespeare and the Bible.' "Were partly vexed with monstrous apparitions" (Wisdom, xvii. 15, an allusion to the Egyptians in darkness) :

I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition.
Julius Caesar,' IV. iii,
R. M. MARSHALL.

Queries.

We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct.

PENSIONER WILLIAM HISELAND.-There is a tombstone in the cemetery of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, to William Hiseland, pensioner, who lived to the age of one hundred and twelve years, "having served upwards of the days of man," and died in 1732. Faulkner, in his 'History of Chelsea,' edition of 1829, vol. ii. p. 265, gives a full account of him, stating that he had signalized himself at the battle of Edgehill, was in the wars of Ireland under King William, served in Flanders under the Duke of Marlborough, and was allowed a pension by the Duke of Richmond and Sir Robert Walpole. He also mentions that (in 1829) Mr. Thomas Pallisher, of the "Cross Keys Inn," Gracechurch Street, had in his possession a halflength portrait of Hiseland, with the following writing in one corner of it :-"William Hiseland, the Pention of Chelsea College, did sit, 1st August, 1730, for this picture, who was then 110, and in perfect health.-George Alsop, pinx." I endeavoured to ascertain what had become of this picture, and after some time was informed by Messrs. Christie that it had been sold by them in 1888 as part of the collection of W. R. Winch, deceased, late of North Mymms Park, Hatfield. The entry in their books is, "G. Alsop, 1730, William Hiseland, Chelsea Pensioner, aged 110, sold to Mr. Charles Davis, 147, New Bond Street." I then went to Mr. Davis, but could obtain no further information as to the picture. As it has a special interest for the veteran pensioners of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, I should feel indebted to any of your readers who can give me a clue to the present possessor of it.

C. W. ROBINSON, Major-General. Royal Hospital, Chelsea.

EVERLE: GYSBURNE.-Can any reader tell me where Everle or Gysburne is? The manor of Everle is mentioned in an agreement dated 1260, in connexion with William de Brinistun, Robert de Spaunton, and John de Geddinges.

Hanley, Staffordshire.

A. T. SPANTON.

WATERBURY FAMILY.-Will you kindly inform me whether there are now in England any of the name of Waterbury; and if anything is known of the history of the family? John Waterbury, the pioneer of the family in America, came out previously to 1646. He was a landholder in Stamford, Connecticut, at that date, but had before that resided in other parts of America. Settling in Stamford, he became one of the prominent and wealthy men of the country, was one of the

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THOMAS PROCLUS TAYLOR.-Thomas Proclus Taylor, dramatic author, appears to have been the son of Thomas Taylor, the Platonist. I should be J. M. RIGG. glad to hear more of him.

9, New Square, Lincoln's Inn,

EDWARD II.—I shall be much obliged if any of your readers will inform me in what book I can find an account of the march of Edward II. from Cirencester to Worcester, and the demolition of Brimsfield Castle, and also of the battle of BoroughH. GAY. bridge, about the same date.

PETWORTH GAOL: PARISH REGISTERS.-Wanted information about one William Phillips, Governor of Petworth Gaol in 1794, or at the time of John Howard's visit about that period. Have the Petworth parish registers been published? F.S.A.

COL. HENRY SLAUGHTER, OR SLATER, GOVERNOR oF NEW YORK.-I should be very pleased to ascertain whether Henry Slaughter, or Slater, who was appointed by the Earl of Shrewsbury to the Governorship of New York towards the end of the seventeenth century, was the son of Henry Slaughter, or Slater, who was Master Gunner of England about the middle of the same century. The Herefordshire Slaters were related to the Earl of Shrewsbury; so I incline to the view that the Governor was a member of that family. The Slaters, too, were related to the Cornwalls of Herefordshire, and one of the officers in Col. Cornwall's Regiment, now the 9th Regiment, was a certain Solomon Slater, who was afterwards Muster-Master General to King James's forces in Ireland about 1689. I should much like to know how the Governor was related to the Muster-Master General.

JOHN J. GREGSON SLATER.

1031, Chester Road, Stretford.

STAINED GLASS: RENÉ, DUC DE BAR.-About the year 1802, an Englishman bought, at Dijon, a stained-glass window of the fifteenth century, which formerly belonged to the chapel of the Ducs de Bourgogne of that town; it represented René, Duc de Bar, kneeling, in a fur robe, among several saints. Beneath the chief figure were wafers (oublies) in allusion to the neglect (l'oubli) of his subjects, who allowed him to remain in captivity at Dijon from 1431. The arms of the duke were also displayed upon the glass: Azure, semy of crosses crosslets fitchy, two barbels addorsed or. Duc René is supposed to have designed this glass himself. Can any readers of 'N. & Q.' say in

The

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